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REPRESENTATIVJ 
CITIES OF THE 
UNITED STATE 




INEW.HOTCHKiSS 




Book - /7^ 5 
GopghtN" 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




Copyriiiht, 1912, (leo. P. Hall A Son, ,\e 

THE SKY-SCRAPERS OF NEW YORK 

Compare with the illustrations on pages 190 and 191 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 
OF THE UNITED STATES 



A GEOGRAPHICAL AND 
INDUSTRIAL READER 

BY 

CAROLINE W. HOTCHKISS 

Instructor in Horace Mann SchooL New York 




BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 

HOUGHTON AHP^PXIN COMPANY 



COPYRIGHT, I913, BY CAROLINE \V HOTCHKISS 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



^Cfee 3Riber2!ibc l^rtie 

CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS 
U . S . A 



'CI.A;}5I688 



TO THE TEACHER 

THE purpose of these studies in the geo- 
graphy of cities is to offer to boys and 
girls in the grammar grades a fresh point 
of view for the final study of the United States. 
Each of these Representative Cities is a center of 
the industries and life of a section, and the cities 
have been selected with a view of covering in a gen- 
eral way the chief sections of the United States. 
Many important cities have been omitted, either 
because their location and development offer no 
points that have not already been covered, or be- 
cause the selected cities allow a more picturesque 
and vivid treatment. 

The author believes that the best results will 
follow from studying the cities in the order given, 
though the arrangement is such that the book can 
be used effectively with any prescribed course of 
study. The exercises are based upon many years' 
experience in the schoolroom. They call for a 
faithful study of maps, they constantly relate the 
distant to the home environment, and they keep 
before the youthful learner by continued compar- 
isons the relation of each center to the world at 
large. It is not to be expected that all the pupils 
of a class shall work out all the exercises of each 
chapter; on the contrary, the number of exercises 



iv' TO THE TEACHER 

provided makes it possible to choose as the inter- 
ests of teacher and pupil or the ability of the pupils 
shall direct. Outline maps should be used unspar- 
ingly. Information as to where they may be ob- 
tained will be found in the Appendix. 

The author acknowledges with thanks the cour- 
tesy of Professor R. H. Whitbeck, of the Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin, for allowing certain statements 
of his to be used in the " Rules Governing the 
Location of Cities." 



TO THE PUPIL 

IN the study of arithmetic and spelHng you 
have been obliged to learn certain rules in 
spite of the fact that they were hard and dis- 
tasteful to you. No doubt you have found that 
their mastery has more than once helped you to 
solve a problem or spell a difficult word. That is 
the reason they were given you to learn and, if 
you live long enough, you will be grateful to those 
teachers who insisted most rigidly on your accom- 
plishing your task. In the same way there are 
rules in geography, though they are not as dry as 
those in arithmetic or spelling. By their help you 
will be able to straighten out many a perplexing 
problem beginning with why or how. A few of 
these rules that have to do with the location of 
cities have been placed at the end of the last chap- 
ter. They will help you to see the reasons for the 
location and growth of nearly all cities, and the 
exercises based on them will put you in possession 
of much important geographical knowledge. 



/! 



CONTENTS 

San Francisco i 

Portland, the Rose City ...... i8 

Seattle 32 

Denver, the City in the Wilderness ... 44 

New Orleans, the Crescent City • • • • 57 

Duluth, the Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas . 74 

Minneapolis and St. Paul: the Twin Cities , . 87 

Chicago, our Inland Metropolis .... 103 
Pittsburgh, the World's Workshop . . . .118 

Gary 134 ^ 

Savannah, the Forest City 147 

Boston 161 

New York 177 



APPENDIX 

General Review Exercises 201 

Average Temperatures and Annual Rainfall of 

the " Representative Cities " 203 

Rules governing the Location of Cities . . 203 
The Twenty-five Largest Cities of the United 

States, 1910 204 

The Twenty-five Largest Cities of the World . 205 

The Ten Greatest Seaports of the World . . 205 

Exports and Imports of Principal Countries . . 206 



viii CONTENTS 

The Ten Best Customers of the United States, 1912 206 
The Ten Countries making the Largest Exports to 

THE United States 207 

Value of Imports at Principal Ports of the United 

States, 1912 ' . 207 

Value of Exports at Principal Ports of the United 

States, 1912 207 

Wool Production of the World, 1906 . . . 208 

Some Important Rivers of the World . . . 208 

Some Famous Mountain Peaks 209 

INDEX : . . 210 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

The Sky-scrapers of New York .... Frontispiece 

San Francisco and Vicinity. Map 2 

Mission Dolores 3 

A Pacific Liner at the Docks in San Francisco ... 5 

Looking over the City and Bay 8 

From Nob Hill 9 

A Street in the Business Section 10 

The Entrance to Chinatown 11 

The Seal of the City of San Francisco .... 13 

An Apartment House in San Francisco 14 

The Golden Gate 15 

The Willamette Falls 18 

Portland and Vicinity. Map 19 

The City of Portland 21 

One of the Great Lumber Manufacturing Plants . . 23 

The Lower Harbor 25 

At the Rose Carnival 27 

Seattle and Vicinity. Map 32 

The Minnesota 2>2, 

The Totem Pole in Pioneer Square 35 

The Business Portion of Seattle 37 

Seattle from Lake Washington ...... 38 

Mt. Rainier from Lake Washington 39 

The Great Northern Docks 41 

Denver and its Surroundings. Map 45 

A View from the Dome of the Capitol 47 

The Colorado State Capitol at Denver .... 49 
Distribution of Trees on Arbor Day . . . : .51 

One of the Great Smelters 52 

The New " Gulf-to-Sound Route" of the System of Railroads 

IN the Northwest. Map 53 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 



The New Orleans Water Front 58 

River Boats at the Levee 61 

A Banana Conveyor 62 

New Orleans and Vicinity. Map 63 

A Scene in the French Quarter 65 



A Courtyard in the French Quarter .... 

The Shade Trees of the South 

The Great Northern Railroad's Cotton Route to Asia. 
Map 

DULUTH AND SUPERIOR. Map 

DuLUTH Harbor and Minnesota Point .... 
Routes of Ore Shipments through the Great Lakes. Map 

A Grain Boat loading with Wheat 

Steam Shovels loading Ore 

The Duluth High School 

Steel Ore Boat in Duluth Ship Canal 

Minneapolis and St. Paul. Map 

The Mississippi River from High Bridge, St. Paul 

Minnesota State Capitol at St. Paul 

Sectional View of a Simplified Flour Mill 

The Milling District of Minneapolis 

The University of Minnesota . 

One of the Many Playgrounds 

Michigan Avenue and the Lake Front 

South Water Street 

The City of Chicago. Map 

A "Jack-knife" Bridge across the Chicago River 



Michigan Avenue and Grant Park 

Lake Shore Drive 

The Block House on "The Point" . 

Pittsburgh and the Neighboring Towns 

An Interior of a Steel Plant 

Pittsburgh, showing "The Point" . 

Pittsburgh, the Section including "The Hump" 

A Fleet of Coal Barges on the Monongahela River 



Map 



67 
69 

70 

75 
76 
78 
79 
81 
82 

83 
89 
90 
91 
93 
97 
99 
104 

105 
107 
109 
III 
112 

113 
114 
119 

120 
121 
122 
123 
127 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS xi 

The Carnegie Technical Schools 129 

Gary's First Railroad Station; The New Union Station . 135 

Gary and its Surroundings. Map 137 

The Blast Furnaces 140 

The Ore Docks 141 

Open Hearth Furnaces 142 

One of the Splendid Grammar Schools in Gary . . 143 

Savannah and Vicinity. Map 149 

One of Savannah's Open Squares 151 

Naval Stores Docks . -153 

Cotton ready for Loading 155 

Bay Street 157 

An Avenue of Live-Oaks 158 

Boston, Old and New. Map 162 

Looking down Tremont Street toward Beacon Hill . 163 

Washington Street 165 

Commonwealth Avenue 167 

Boston and Vicinity. Map 168 

A View in Franklin Park 169 

The Spinning Room in a Cotton Mill 171 

A View in a Shoe Factory 173 

New York City and Vicinity. Map 179 

New York Custom House 181 

Grand Central Terminal 183 

Brooklyn Water Front, along the East River . . 187 

A Picturesque Spot in Central Park ..... 189 

Sky Line of Lower New York 190 

From the Hudson River 191 

A Congested Tenement-House Section .... 192 

Riverside Drive 193 

Railroad Systems of the United States. Map . . 199 

Principal Trade Routes of the World. Map . . . 200 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 
OF THE UNITED STATES 

SAN FRANCISCO 

She shall sit at the gates of the world, 
Where nations shall gather and meet, 
And the East and the West at Her bidding. 
Shall lie in a leash at Her feet. 

S. J. Alexander. 

ONE of the first things boys and girls dis- 
cover as they study geography is that 
many of the great world cities are situ- 
ated on deep bays or near the mouths of naviga- 
ble rivers. But did you ever stop to think that 
such a favorable location alone would never ac- 
count for the growth of such big cities as New 
York or London or Shanghai? No matter how 
deep or spacious the harbor, if the country back of 
the coast is desert or barren no large city is likely 
to grow up there. If, however, the navigable river 
leads to a back country or Hinterland, as the Ger- 
mans call it, rich in mineral or agricultural wealth, 
industries and commerce flourish. Behind New 
York is the hinterland of the Mohawk Valley and 
the Middle West; Shanghai is the outlet for rich 
plains of the Yang-tse River; so in a similar way 
it is the California Valley that has built up San 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



Francisco. Though a settlement was made in 1776 
near the present site of the city, it remained a 
miserable little place until the discovery of gold 
in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, after which 




SAN FRANCISCO AND VICINITY 

Note the piers built out from the Oakland shore, to shorten the ferriage to 

San Francisco. 



SAN FRANCISCO 



almost in a day it grew into the proportions of a 
city. 

But it was the Bay that first called San Fran- 
cisco into being, and well it might, for it is one of 
the most magnificent harbors in the world and, ex- 
cepting San Diego, the only commodious one on 
the Pacific Coast of 
the United States 
south of Puget 
Sound. In the sum- 
mer of 1776, while 
stirring events were 
happening around 
Boston, the Span- 
iards established a 
presidio or fortified 
camp on the tip 
of the peninsula 
which separates 
San Francisco Bay 
from the Pacific 
Ocean, and near it 

founded a mission. This presidio, together with 
those at San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey, 
was intended to show the adventurous Russians, 
who were prowling along the Alaskan coast, that 
Spain would have to be reckoned with if they came 
any nearer. The little mission was one of many 
planted in California by the Spanish missionary 
Father Junipero Serra, the Bay and later the city 




MISSION DOLORES 

Note the open belfries of the mission, and the 

semi-tropical vegetation. 



4 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

receiving the name of St. Francis, the founder of 
the religious order to which the good missionary 
belonged. 

The Bay is the glory and pride of the city. Its 
spacious land-locked harbor, surrounded by hills 
and mountains, with a strait nearly a mile wide 
leading to the ocean, and water so deep that ships 
can enter and leave at all tides, must have fired the 
imagination of the first Spanish commander who 
sailed into it, for in his report to Father Serra he 
exclaims, " A multitude of harbors wherein all the 
navies of Spain can play at hide-and-seek." Alas 
for the navies of Spain, they have melted away; 
but through the Golden Gate which faces the sun- 
set sky flock in ships from the great circle of the 
Pacific. What rich cargoes they bring from lands 
that have for centuries supplied the West with 
the luxuries of the East ! Think of the voyages 
taken and the lives lost to bring the Far East 
near to the youthful eager West! Now the United 
States is piercing the last barrier that has divided 
the hemispheres. When this is done, there will 
flow through the Panama Canal a great east-west 
tide of commerce, that will surely do much to 
unite the East and the West into one great family 
of understanding and sympathy. 

A walk along the water front of San Francisco 
will enable us to imagine some of the cargoes 
that are entering and leaving that port. At the 
wharves of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company 



SAN FRANCISCO 






A PACIFIC LINER AT THE DOCKS IN SAN FRANCISCO 
Note the sacks of wheat ready for loading. 

lies a steamer from Honolulu, discharging sugar, 
rice, bananas, coffee, and honey. Perhaps the Nip- 
pon Maru, a Japanese liner, is due; it has in its 
hold chests of tea, bales of silk, bags of sulphur to 
use in the drying of fruit, porcelain, embroideries, 
and matting. Much of this valuable cargo will 
be hurried to the transcontinental railroads and 
distributed among the cities of the Middle West 
and the Atlantic Coast. At one of the wharves 
lies a product of the steel mills of Pennsylvania, 
— heavy rails to be laid down on the steep hills 
of San Francisco. They came by a roundabout 
but cheaper route than overland ; to Mexico by 
water, across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec by rail, 
and again by coasting steamer. Smaller vessels 
do the coasting trade. In April, ships bound for 
Alaska load with tin cans and laborers for the 
fish canneries, and passenger steamers arrive and 
depart many times a week for Los Angeles and 
the cities of the Northwest. The accompanying 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



MOVEMENTS OF STEAMERS 


To Arrive 




From 


Date 


Los Angeles, San Diego, 


1 
Oct. 14 


Manila, 


Oct. 14 


Honj? Kong, 


Oct. 14 


Portland, Astoria, 


Oct 14 


San Pedro, 


Oct. 14 


Honolulu, 


Oct. IS 


Salina Cruz, 


Oct. 16 


Seattle, Tacoma, 


Oct. 16 


Balboa, 


Oct. 17 


New York via Ancon, 


Oct. 18 


Hamburg and Way Ports, 


Oct. 19 



shipping list from the San Francisco Daily Chron- 
icle shows the number of 
vessels arriving in a week. 
It will not be difficult for 
you to determine the 
cargo each will bring and 
to locate the port from 
which the ship sails. 

Besides the foreign 
commerce of the Bay 
there is the enormous 
daily traffic on its waters. 
The location of San Francisco is such that only one 
of the transcontinental railroads can land its pas- 
sengers and freight directly in the city; this is the 
branch of the Southern Pacific that follows the 
coast north from Los Angeles. All the others, 
the Santa Fe, the Central and Western Pacific, 
and the main line of the Southern Pacific, must 
transfer their loads to ferryboats at Oakland and 
other points on the eastern shore of the Bay. 
Thus has been built up the best ferry service in 
the world, all lines convero^ins: at the commodious 
Ferry House at the foot of Market Street. In 
Oakland, Alameda, and Berkeley, live many thou- 
sands who go to San Francisco every day for 
business or pleasure. The ferries between these 
points and San Francisco carry over one hundred 
thousand passengers daily. Those of us who live 
inland may envy these people their morning and 



SAN FRANCISCO 7 

evening sail, for nowhere in the world, it is said, 
are there more gorgeous sunsets, and one who 
has seen the evening colors bathing sea, sky, and 
mountains in gold and opal tints cannot wonder 
at the enthusiasm the scene arouses. Even when 
the ocean fog creeps in through the " keyhole" it 
is still beautiful, and the gulls are always there, in 
fair weather or foul, flying close to the boats and 
perching unconcernedly on the piers while the 
ferryboats pass in and out of the slips. 

Into the Bay, with its shore line of two hundred 
miles, empty two rivers, each reaching into the 
heart of a fertile valley, — the Sacramento, navi- 
gable to the city of Sacramento, the San Joaquin, 
to Stockton. Broad stern-wheel steamers ply up 
and down the river, exchanging hay and garden 
produce for groceries, hardware, and other neces- 
saries from the Bay cities. This central valley, the 
rich hinterland of San Francisco, will some day 
support a dense population. It is very young com- 
pared with the populous valleys of the Ganges 
and the Rhine, for it has been settled barely half 
a century; yet during 1910 its oil wells produced 
74,000,000 barrels of oil, its harvests yielded al- 
monds, walnuts, cherries, strawberries, loganber- 
ries, figs, grapes, raisins, prunes, lemons, oranges, 
olives, melons, sugar beets, asparagus, celery, the 
mealy Burbank potato, honey, cheese, butter, eggs, 
hay, hops, and grain, and from the slopes of the 
Sierras came over $18,000,000 worth of gold. Few 



8 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

valleys in the world can surpass the Valley of 
California in variety of products ; and this is but a 
partial list of its resources. Already electricity, 
generated by the mountain streams, lights the 
streets of San Francisco and operates the cars in 
Oakland and many a smaller town. The tall poles, 
with their yardarms and insulators marching in 




LOOKING OVER THE CITY AND BAY 
Note the tower of the Ferry House and the islands. 



endless procession across the flat valley floor, 
show how man has learned to use the forces of 
nature for his own needs ; none the less convinc- 
ing are the aqueducts and the irrigating canals 
which bring life from the mountains to the parched 
valleys. 

The traveler who approaches San Francisco by 
water is thrilled by the thought that he is draw- 



SAN FRANCISCO 9 

ing near one of the world's great cities, so com- 
manding is its position, so beautiful its surround- 
ings. He looks with astonishment at the massive 
buildings that crowd the lower portions of the 
city. Where are the wind-blown sand hills among 
which the gold- seekers pitched their tents three- 
score years ago ? Succeeding generations have 



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Copyright, 1911, R. J. Water» Co, 



FROM NOB HILL 



thrown them into the sea, and filled up the marshes 
to make room for the skyscrapers so necessary to 
modern business. Where are the ruins of the 
great fire ? You will have to search diligently to 
find them. It is the wonder of the age that the 
new San Francisco has arisen so quickly on the 
ashes of the old. Back of the level business portion 
of the city rise the steep rocky hills that fairly 



lO 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



astonish one who sees them for the first time. On 
Nob Hill, Telegraph Hill, Russian Hill, and all the 
others rise, tier above tier, splendid hotels, shops, 

schools, church- 
es, and inviting 
homes. Itisslow 
work climbing 
up these steep 
grades, and the 
descent is not 
so easy as one 
would think. 
Most people 
prefer to use 
the pretty little 
cable cars that 
crawl steadily 
up and down 
"like flies on a 
window pane." 
Even the houses 
have to climb; no two are on the same level, but 
each one gets a view of the Bay with its islands 
and shipping, or of Mount Tamalpais or distant 
Mount Diablo. 

San Francisco is a treeless city, but the lack of 
shade is not noticed as it would be elsewhere. 
The cool breezes that sweep in from the ocean so 
temper the summer heat that the sunny side of 
the street is often preferable. It is, however, a city 




Photo, by a. Moulin. 

A STREET IN THE BUSINESS SECTION 



SAN FRANCISCO 



II 



of brilliant color ; the eye is dazzled by the flowers 
that are everywhere. Heliotrope and fuchsias 
climb up the porches ; daisies, white and yellow, 
grow in masses in garden beds ; and roses bloom 
nearly all the year. The air is so clear owing to 
the absence of moisture that things do not grow 
bedraggled and dingy ; there are gorgeous red 
geraniums banked against gray walls ; and from 
the gilded roofs 
of the Chinese 
bazaars bright 
streamers with 
picturesque 
Oriental figures 



wave 



gayly 



m 




the breeze. 

And what of 
the people who 
live amid these 
surroundings ? 
All nations of 
the world are 
drawn to the 
city at the West- 
ern Gate ; Chi- 
nese, Japanese, 

Italians, French, German, Swiss, Mexican, Rus- 
sian, English, American, each finds his own speech 
and customs, though the children of the foreign 
folk grow rapidly into ardent Americans. In the 



THE ENTRANCE TO CHINATOWN 



12 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Oriental School Chinese girls in their native 
garb — pretty silk or cotton trousers and long 
blouses — swing on trapeze or "giant stride" with 
all the energy of American girls, and the boys 
read The Lady of the Lake, apparently appreciat- 
ing the story, if not the author's art in telling it. 
The children in Little Italy, with their bright 
black eyes and roguish faces, adopt our ways before 
they can speak our language ; and though some of 
the other nations may be slower in acknowledging 
their loyalty to a new fatherland, sooner or later 
most of them become part of our national life, 
giving it their service and devotion in return for 
the larger opportunity it offers them. 

One cannot think of San Francisco without 
recalling the pretty story of the Phoenix, that has 
come down to us from the Orient. According to 
the legend this fabled bird, the only one of its 
kind in the world, lived in the Arabian wilderness 
for many hundred years ; then, hoary with age, it 
built for itself a funeral pyre, fanned it into flame 
with its great wings, and sank into the burning 
pile. But the fire proved a source of life rather 
than death, for from the dying embers there arose 
a beautiful young Phoenix, which flew joyfully 
away to repeat the mysterious life of its ancestor. 

This bird arising from the dead ashes of its old 
self was chosen, in 1854, as the seal of San Fran- 
cisco, for even at that early date in its history the 
town had suffered from many disastrous fires, and 




SAN FRANCISCO 13 

like the Phoenix was continually springing up 
better and fairer than before. Six times between 
1849 and 1 85 1 large portions of the town were 
burned, yet after each disaster 
those who had suffered most 
went resolutely to work to clear 
away the ruins in order to begin 
again. In 1906, however, oc- 
curred the greatest disaster in 
its history. Early on the morn- 
insf of April 18, the city was the seal of the 

. ., , , ,11 CITYOFSANFRAN- 

visited by a severe earthquake cisco 
which wrecked many buildings 
and damaged more. Fires broke out immediately. 
The water mains had been broken by the shock, 
so there were no effectual means of fighting the 
flames that raged for three days and left a large 
portion of the city in ruins. We may well ask why 
in the face of such repeated calamities the peo- 
ple should persist in rebuilding the city on its 
old foundations. Our answer to-day must be the 
same as that written in the old City Annals of 
1854 in reply to a similar question, — "The Bay is 
there, the people are there, the gold mines are not 
yet exhausted, and the valley is as fertile as ever." 
You may now see how largely the geographical 
location of San Francisco has influenced its devel- 
opment as an ocean port. Every port must be a 
gateway from ocean highways to inland routes 
of communication. The people who live in the 



14 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



productive hinterland find a market for their pro- 
ducts through the ocean port, and they in their 
turn become a market for the goods imported from 
other productive regions. How vividly the routes 
of commerce in and out of San Francisco show 
this development ! Along the California Valley, 
hemmed in by mountains on north, south, east, 
and west, run the rivers and railroad lines, both 
turning a sharp angle to the west at the Carquinez 

Strait which opens 
to San Francisco 
Bay, the only nat- 
ural outlet the val- 
ley has. At the 
Golden Gate the 
ocean highways 
radiate, like the 
spokes of a fan, to 
South America, 
New York, and 
Hamburg; to Pan- 
ama, San Diego, 
and San Pedro ; to 
Sydney, Manila, 
Honolulu, Hong 
Kong, and Yo- 
kohama ; and to 
Nome, Puget 
Sound, and Van- 
couver. Small wonder is it that the poets of this 




AN APARTMENT HOUSE IN SAN 
FRANCISCO 

Note the heavy grade of the hillside on which 
this building stands. Compare the architec- 
ture with that of the New York apartment 
houses on page 189. 



SAN FRANCISCO 



15 




THE GOLDEN GATE 



Western Gateway are prophets, and that Its peo- 
ple are inspired with unbounded faith in the future 
of their city and with unparalleled energy to over- 
come all obstacles. 



QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. What is a hinterland ? Find on your maps the hinterland 
of Chicago, of New York, of Buenos Ayres, of Shang- 
hai. Tell in each case how the city is connected with its 
hinterland. Which city is the largest ? 

2. What ancient city in Africa is still an important port in 
spite of a desert hinterland ? How do you account for 
this ? 

3. Draw a plan of the location of San Francisco and the 
other Bay cities. Write the names of the chief bodies of 
water and locate the Bay cities. Write the latitude and 
longitude in the margin of your plan. What two cities of 
China are situated one a little north, the other a little 
south of San Francisco ? Put these facts on your plan. 
Make your drawing as neat and attractive as you can. 



i6 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

4. What is the average January temperature of San Fran- 
cisco ? July temperature ? How does this compare with 
the winter and summer temperatures in your city ? In 
which season does most rain fall in California ? In your 
city? Would you rather live in a place where the rainfall 
was evenly distributed through the year, or where it falls 
in one season ? Why? See Appendix, p. 203. 

5. What two historical events, one on the Atlantic coast, the 
other on the Pacific coast, happened in 1776 ? 

6. Learn the location of every place mentioned in this 
chapter. 

7. On a map of North America trace the route of the steel 
rails from Pennsylvania to San Francisco. Name bodies 
of water and countries crossed. 

8. Describe the route you would like to take from your 
home to San Francisco. Draw this route on an outline 
map of the United States, marking the chief cities on 
the route and the mountains and the rivers crossed. 

9. Tell which of the products of the California Valley are 
raised about your home. 

10. From what mountains do the streams come that are 
used for irrigating the California Valley ? What relation 
does their height have to the never-failing supply of 
water in these streams ? 

11. Imagine yourself standing on Nob Hill from which the pic- 
tures on pages 8 and 9 were taken. Tell what you would see 
as you looked out over the bay and the opposite shores. 

12. What is the chief characteristic of the Chinese bazaars as 
shown in the picture ? What would you be likely to find 
in those shops ? 

13. Make a list of the Spanish names you find on the map 
of California or on the map of San Francisco Bay. Ac- 
count for their presence there. 

14. Write a short composition about San Francisco describ- 
ing the things that interest you most. Add to this, if you 
can, some knowledge of your own about the city. 



SAN FRANCISCO 17 

15. Tell the story of the Phcenix. Why was it chosen for the 
seal of the city ? Has your city or town a seal ? If so, 
write a description of it and tell what it is used for. 
Arrange this in three paragraphs for your English com- 
position of the week. 

16. Learn the stanza at the beginning of this chapter. Be 
sure you first understand what it means. 



EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. From the list of "Twenty-five Largest Cities of the 
World " (Appendix, page 205) select those that are on 
bays or near the mouths of navigable rivers. Learn their 
location. 

2. Compare the location of San Francisco with that of Shang- 
hai. Make your comparison either by drawing or in writ- 
ing. 

3. Consult the Chronicle's shipping list (page 6) and tell 
how many vessels arrived in San Francisco the week of 
October 14. Write in a column the port from which each 
ship sailed and opposite this the cargo you think it 
brought. Use a geography textbook to help your mem- 
ory with regard to the products of these countries. 

4. Name the countries that border on the Pacific Ocean 
and tell the chief seaport of each. 

5. On an outline map of the World show by a heavy line 
the present route between Hamburg, San Francisco, and 
Seattle ; show by a dotted line the route ships will take 
after the Panama Canal is opened. 



PORTLAND, THE ROSE CITY 



EVERYBODY loves a river, — the poet, 
the artist, the fisherman, the miller, the 
manufacturer, and you and I. A river is 
always moving, and we love to vvateh the life that 
moves with it. Boats come and go, the road fol- 
lows its bank, bridges cross it, logs float down the 
stream, mills and factories loom along its side. 
For these reasons and others, a river town has al- 
ways something interesting about it. In all times 

men have gath- 
ered in groups 
on the banks of 
rivers,andrriany 
of these settle- 
ments are to- 
day important 
cities. Not all of 
them; some 
were started so 
recently they 
have not yet had 
a chance ; oth- 
ers that once were full of life are now stagnant 
or dead. Vienna is over two thousand years old, 
but because of its commanding position we cannot 
think it will ever cease to be. Portland, Ores^on, 




THE WILLAMETTE FALLS 
This view includes also a part of the manufacturing 
district. Tlie people in the boats are fishing for 
salmon. 






PORTLAND 



19 



SCALE OF MILES 



has had barely seventy birthdays, but already over 
200,000 people call the " Rose City " their home. 
There are many reasons why towns should grow 
up on the banks of rivers ; you can probably think 
of several. Perhaps you already know one reason 
why the old Gate City of Vienna should have per- 
sisted all these years in spite of wars and destruc- 
tions. Let us 
look at the situ- 
ation of Port- 
land and proph- 
esy as to her 
contin uan ce 
and growth. 

There can 
hardly be a 
greatercontrast 
than that be- 
tween the east- 
ern and the 

western coasts of the United States. On the east- 
ern coast many rivers flow down gentle slopes 
through fertile valleys to the sea and, at their 
mouths, bays and sheltered harbors have invited 
explorers and settlers to their shores. Along the 
Pacific Coast runs a mountain range, low, indeed, 
but hugging the shore, and sending out rocky spurs 
and headlands into the ocean. Parallel with this 
Coast Range are the snow-capped Sierras in Cali- 
fornia and the Cascade Range in Oregon and 




^-;:?^^ Poi-tl.ind 



Portlaud 




PORTLAND AND VICINITY 



20 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Washington, crowned with high volcanic peaks 
that rise into the region of perpetual snow. Be- 
tween these two mountain walls lies a series of 
valleys running north and south all the way from 
southern California to the forty-ninth parallel. You 
can trace this "inside route" on the map, — the 
San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys in California, 
the Rogue and the Willamette in Oregon, the 
Cowlitz and Puget Sound in Washington. This 
line of valleys does not really stop with the Sound, 
but continues north along the Alaskan coast be- 
hind the protecting islands for a thousand miles, 
forming the famous "inside passage" that offers 
the most wonderful scenery in the world in quiet 
waters. In all this stretch of two thousand miles 
from southern Alaska to southern California; there 
is only one opening east and west across the 
mountain w^alls, — the valley of the Columbia 
River ; and at the crossroads of these north-south 
and east-west valleys, on the Willamette River, 
twelve miles from its junction with the Columbia, 
lies Portland. 

A general would call this location strategic, 
meaning that an army placed at such a cross- 
roads would hold the key to the situation ; but 
we may use the word in speaking of the com- 
merce and development of the city. The early 
pioneers who hewed the tall firs for their cabins 
at this point on the Willamette River noted with 
satisfaction the deep water just where the river 



PORTLAND 



21 




Copyright, 

THE CITY OF PORTLAND 
Mt. Hood is shown in the distance. 



Weiater Co., Portland. 



takes a bend to the northwest. There beins: then 
no raih'oads and few wagon roads, it was neces- 
sary that the sailing vessels, which brought goods 
to be distributed to the scattered settlers and took 
away cargoes of wheat and flour, should get as 
far inland as possible to save the cost of convey- 
ance. At the point where they could go no farther, 
Portland was founded, the only city of the North- 
west at the head of deep-sea navigation and on 
the line of a water route into the interior. We 
shall see how important this water route is. 

East of the Cascade Mountains lies a vast inland 
basin comprising parts of Oregon, Washington, 



22 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Idaho, and British Columbia, a region once con- 
sidered a desert, but now supporting herds of 
cattle and sheep, and raising, in a single year, fifty 
million bushels of wheat. This " Inland Empire," 
as it is called, is thinly peopled, like all extensive 
wheat and grazing areas, so we know that the vast 
quantity of food products it raises must find a 
market elsewhere. The wheat is cut, threshed, 
and sacked on the ranches, and sent out by three 
routes, one leading to Spokane, one to the Puget 
Sound cities, and the third through the Columbia 
Valley to Portland. The route to Portland has one 
advantage, it is down grade all the way to the 
ocean, whereas trains to Puget Sound must climb 
the steep mountain grades. 

It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that 
Portland, at the meeting-place of sea and inland 
communication, is a great exporter of wheat to 
foreign countries. Ships come from China and 
Japan, from Liverpool, from South America, and 
from the coast cities of the United States, to be 
loaded with wheat and flour. Lumber is also an 
article of export. Some of the most beautiful for- 
ests in the world are in Oregon, but the sawmills 
on the Willamette and on other rivers are mak- 
ing the timber into boards and other products as 
fast as they can, and a time will surely come when 
these magnificent forests will be a thing of the 
past. Fortunately the United States Government 
has set aside certain tracts, known as " Forest 



PORTLAND 23 

Reserves" or " National Parks," which are to be 
kept free from the ruthless cutting of the lumber- 
man and to serve as playgrounds for the people. 

Portland is still a commercial city. Although it 
has developed manufacturing to a certain extent, it 
is to-day chiefly a market-place where the products 
of the country — wheat, lumber, fruit, and hops — 




ONE OF THE GREAT LUMBER MANUFACTURING PLANTS 

are exchanged for furniture, carpets, hardware, 
machinery, and all kinds of manufactured goods 
from the eastern part of the United States, and 
for silk, tea, spices, burlap, etc., from the Orient. 
The following cuttings from a Portland daily pa- 
per will give you a vivid picture of the destination 
of some of the products of Oregon. 



OREGON APPLES BRING 
TOP PRICES IN GERMANY 

Writing to the Portland Commercial 
Club, under date of April 20, a fruit- 
dealing firm of Hamburg, Germany, 
advises that on that date two cars of 
fancy Newton Pippins from Hood 
River were sold for from 18 to 20| 
marks ^ per box. These are top prices, 
such as have not formerly been seen 
in the Hamburg market for American 
apples. The Hamburg dealer writes 
that this sale is more interesting on 
account of the fact that these two 
cars came in competition with the first 
Australian apples of the new crop, but 
the latter could not equal in quality 
the Oregon product and accordingly 
brought much lower prices. 

LINERS WILL LEAVE 

ABOUT SAME TIME 

Three Oriental Liners will be leav- 
ing Portland fairly close together this 
month, laden with Oregon products 
which will be valued at more than 
.$600,000. The trio is composed of the 
Norwegian steamships Henrik Ibsen 
and Hercules and the British steam- 
ship Orteric. The Henrik Ibsen will 
sail for Hong Kong and way ports 
Thursday, and she will have aboard a 
full cargo of flour and wheat. 

The Orteric is a 12,000 ton carrier. 
After taking on about 7,000 tons of 
flour, wheat, and lumber here (Port- 
land) she will go to Puget Sound to 
finish loading. 

The steamer Yosemite is discharg- 
ing 12,000 sacks of cement from Cali- 
fornia ; she will load with lumber for 
San Francisco. The Nippon Maru will 
leave for the Orient to-morrow at one 
o'clock. The cargo is a heavy one and 
in it is a large consignment of cotton 
for the Japanese factories. 

1 One mark equals twenty-five cents (nearly). 



PORTLAND 25 

It must be plain to you that there are striking 
geographical reasons influencing the location and 
growth of Portland, and that the Columbia River 
is playing an important part in this development. 
Though the tourist who sails up the stream is 
absorbed mainly in its magnificent scenery, the 
wooded mountain-slopes and leaping waterfalls, 
the curiously worn rocks and the novel fish- 
wheels, yet he would be dull, indeed, did he not 
become aware that it is already a busy com- 
mercial highway. Long trains carry freight and 
passengers between the Inland Empire and the 
coast, and locks and canals when completed will 




THE LOWER HARBOR 

Showing a large fleet of wheat vessels. 



enable river steamers to go several hundred miles 
inland. The Columbia is developing a hinterland 
for Portland as the Hudson- Mohawk Valley and 
the Great Lakes have done for New York, yet 
the most hopeful Oregonian w^ould hardly dare 
prophesy that the Inland Empire will ever support 



26 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

so dense a population as the prairies of the Middle 
West. Can you tell why? 

The beginnings of Portland were simple. A 
clearing was made among the tall firs and cedars, 
and a log cabin built by pioneers from New Eng- 
land in 1844. Before long some one built a store 
for the sale of the incoming cargoes, roads were 
made into the interior, other houses and stores 
sprang up, more ships came, and before long there 
was a little village rising on the gentle slopes of 
the west bank of the Willamette. The story goes 
that the builders of the first cabin had a friendly 
dispute over the name of the town that was to be. 
The man from Massachusetts wanted a Boston on 
the Pacific Coast, the native of Maine wished to 
call the town Portland. They decided the question 
by tossing a copper cent, — head, Portland ; tail, 
Boston. " Head " came up twice, hence Portland 
was adopted as the name of the city. It has a 
lovely site on wooded slopes which rise gradually 
to the foot of the Heights, a line of bluffs run- 
ning parallel to the river and rising six hundred 
feet above it. From these wooded headlands which 
jut into the valley, one gets a glorious view of the 
Cascade Mountains with the white cones of Mount 
Hood and Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, and 
Mount Jefferson, rising far above the general level 
of the range. Below is the Rose City, lying on both 
sides of the river embowered in trees and gardens. 
To the north and east shine the tangled waterways 



PORTLAND 



27 



of the Columbia, while on the south the Willamette 
issues from its gardens and orchards. The poet 
Wordsworth once exclaimed of London as he 
viewed it from the Thames in the early morning, 
" Earth hath not anything to show more fair," 
and the people of Portland surely may echo this 
as the glory of valley and mountain stand revealed 
to them from these heights. The city looks its 
prettiest in June, when the roses are in bloom. 
Then occurs the Rose Festival, processions and 
floral displays, 
land and water 
sports, giving 
the city a gala 
week. During 
these carnival 
days citizens 
and visitors for- 
get that Port- 
land is a big 
commercial port, 

i.1- 1. i. event. 

that steamers 

come to it from every part of the world, that the 
steam sawmills are cutting its trees into timber, 
and that the falls of the Willamette are grinding 
spruce logs into pulp and paper and weaving wool 
into cloth. 

Strangers who come to Portland during the 
winter and spring rainy season are apt to think 
that it is the rainiest place in the world, and they 




AT THE ROSE CARNIVAL 
Automobiles and carriages gorgeously decked with 
roses take part in the parades at this annual 



28 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

are not a little astonished to find that its yearly 
rainfall is really only about as much as that of 
New York City. It is true that Portland, as well 
as all the Pacific Coast of the Northwest, does not 
enjoy so many clear days as cities in other parts 
of the United States, for the rain falls gently a 
little at a time. Often it is a "dry rain," meaning 
a fine mist that seems not to bother anyone ; chil- 
dren play in it, babies do not mind it, and the cool 
dampness brings to the cheeks roses that many a 
dweller in sunnier climes might envy. There is 
no climate that is perfect, and the people of Port- 
land think that the absence of severe cold, strong 
winds and blizzards, and the bracing coolness of 
the summer, make up for lack of sunshine. Expe- 
rience alone will determine whether or not you 
agree with them. 

The great outdoors is spread invitingly before 
the inhabitants of the Rose City. For long holi- 
days, there are the mountains with their forests 
and glaciers and their steep ascents to climb. The 
river entices young and old; along its banks are 
anchored house-boats of every size and descrip- 
tion, and through its shaded windings the boy and 
girl, tired of school, the father and mother, ready 
for a vacation, can find joy and refreshment. One 
of the poets of Oregon has expressed the affec- 
tion of the people generally for their river in the 
following stanza: — 



PORTLAND 29 

From the Cascade's frozen gorges, 
Leaping like a child at play, 
Winding, widening, through the valley, 
Bright Willamette glides away. 
Onward ever lovely river. 
Softly calling to the sea, 
Time that scars us, maims, and mars us. 
Leaves no track or trench on thee. 

S. L. Simpson. 



QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

From the list of "Twenty-five Largest Cities of the 
United States " (Appendix, page 204) select those which 
are on rivers. Which are at or near the junction of two 
rivers ? 

Give as many reasons as you can why cities are located 
on the banks of rivers. 

Draw a plan showing the location of Portland at the 
crossroads of commerce. Make this as complete as pos- 
sible with names of rivers, mountains, and land and 
water routes of travel. Write the latitude of Portland in 
margin of map. What city of France is at a cros.sroads of 
travel and in about the same latitude ? Write the name 
of this city in the margin of your plan. 
Locate the city for which Portland was named. Find out 
all you can about the location, climate, population, and 
commerce of each. What things are alike about these 
cities ? Write this in the form of a composition or arrange 
it in chart form in outline. 

On an outline map of the United States or the Western 
States color in red the " Inland Empire." Write or print 
carefully the names of the states composing it and the 
rivers flowing through it. What is the rainfall of this 
region ? (Consult rainfall map of the United States in 
your geography textbook.) 



30 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



6. What cities in the United States besides Portland export 
wheat and flour? (Consult question 8, page loi, for your 
answer.) 

Study the location of the following cities, and explain 
why each may be said to be at a crossroads of commerce : 
St. Louis, Omaha, Honolulu, St. Paul, Kansas City, 
Chicago. 

Make up five good questions about the cities referred to 
in Exercise 4, to test the knowledge of your classmates. 

9. Imagine yourself standing on the heights above Portland 
on a clear day. Describe your view of the city, the river, 
and Mt. Hood. 
10. Write a composition suggested by this study of Portland. 
Call it " A River Town," or choose a title of your own. 
Write about any river town you like. 



7- 



8. 



EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 



I. Locate the six leading wheat-producing countries given 
in the chart below. Consult the " Wheat Harvest Calen- 
dar " on page loi for month of harvest of each. Find 
out if rainfall is light, moderate, or heavy, and if these 
areas are thinly or thickly peopled. Give export town of 
each area. Arrange these facts in a chart as shown 
below. (Consult rainfall and population maps in your 
geography textbook.) 



Six Leading Wheat Countries of World 




Countries 


Months of Harvest 


Rainfall 


Population 


Port 


United States .... 

Russia 

France 

India 

Austria-Hungary . . , 
Italy 











PORTLAND 31 

2. What is the length of the Columbia River? Name a river 
in each continent about as long. (Consult Appendix, 
page 208, " Some Important Rivers of the World.") 

3. In what month do Oregon apples ripen ? Australian 
apples ? Which is farther from the equator, Portland or 
Melbourne ? 



SEATTLE 



THIS bustling, wide-awake city on Puget 
Sound has already begun to call herself 
the "Queen City of the Northwest." 
Perhaps the title seems a bit ambitious for so 
youthful a town, but her situation and resources 
are so magnificent that they cannot but rouse 
ambition. You must think of Puget Sound as a 
f»\ ii„... ^ i J I , i i g-Feat- Mediter- 

ranean Sea ex- 
tending: south- 
ward into the 
heart of Wash- 
ington. From 
the main body 
of water count- 
less arms, deep 
enough to float 
sea-going ships, 
reach far into 
the land, mak- 
ing safe harbors 
free from ice all 
the year. This 
splendid body of water is the front door of Seattle, 
and it opens wide through the Fuca Strait to the 
commerce of the Pacific. Northward through the 




SEATTLE AND VICINITY 
The principal railroads entering Seattle are : the 
Northern Pacific ; the Canadian Pacific ; the Great 
Northern ; the Chicago, Milwaukee, and Puget 
Sound ; the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy. 



SEATTLE 



33 



Georgian Strait an " inside passage," where ocean 
storms are unknown, leads to the ports of south- 
eastern Alaska and out beyond to Valdez. Four 
transcontinental railroads enter the back door of 
the city bringing the products of the South, East, 
and Middle West, to the front door where they are 
exchanged for goods from over the seas. Wheat 
and flour from 
the " Inland Em- 
pire " ^ and the 
Middle West, 
cotton from the 
South, farming 
implements from 
Illinois, lumber 
from the Cascade 
Mountains, steel 
beams and gird- 
ers from Pitts- 
burgh, and furni- 
ture, clothing, 

and a host of manufactured goods come to Seattle 
for distribution along the coast, and for shipment 
to Australia, Alaska, and the Orient. Into her 
open door come coffee, tea, sugar, silk, mattings, 
spices, hides, hemp, jute, and other products to be 
distributed among the people of the United States. 
Seattle, therefore, is a pivot of transportation ; her 
doors swing outward to send American products 

1 See the chapter on Portland. 




THE MINNESOTA 

The largest freight and passenger steamer saiHng 
from any Pacific port, and the largest steamer 
in the world flying the American flag. She is 
engaged in commerce between Seattle and the 
Orient. 



34 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

all over the world and inward to receive products 
from the other side of the globe. It is this passing 
and repassing, loading and unloading, that has 
built up the city. 

Had the Goddess of Liberty, twenty or thirty 
years ago, cast her eye over the cities which brood 
under her protecting arm, she might without dis- 
pute have called Seattle her ugly duckling. In 
appearance this young city was awkward and un- 
gainly, for the pioneers of the early days had no 
time to think of a City Beautiful. They had work 
enough to keep the sawmills buzzing and to pro- 
vide shelter for themselves and their families. 
What did it matter to them that there was hardly 
a level road in the town, or that their ugly frame 
houses perched at all sorts of angles on the hills 
that sloped abruptly to the sea.^* They served for 
protection from storm, and as for the long, hard 
climb, there was time to take it leisurely, and mus- 
cles were strong in those days. Now times have 
changed. The old fairy story has repeated itself in 
history and the ugly duckling is turning into a 
beautiful swan. The city seems to float like this 
graceful bird on the bosom of the waters. Its west- 
ern shore is lapped by Puget Sound ; on the east 
parallel with the Sound, a lovely fresh-water lake 
stretches for twenty miles ; and on the narrow neck 
of land between the two lies Seattle, already push- 
ing beyond the peninsula to the northward, where 
there is room enough for the million or more 



SEATTLE 



35 



people who may one day make their home in the 
Queen City. But in 1852, when Yesler, a sturdy 
pioneer, put up his steam sawmill on what is now 
Pioneer Square, in the heart of the city, there was 
little in the immediate surround- 
ings to encourage him to dream 
dreams of a future metropolis. Yet 
even the Indians had seized upon 
its advantages of location, for long 
before the foot of the white man 
had broken the stillness of the for- 
est aisles thousands of Indians used 
to assemble here occasionally for a 
great council. It was easy for them 
to come by forest trail and canoe 
to this central meeting-place. They 
must, however, have experienced 
difficulties in passing the peace- 
pipe, for Seattle is built upon twice ""^^'^ 
seven hills, hills that might almost the totem pole 

INPIONEER 

have daunted the old Romans. But square 1 
the energetic people of the North- 
west never hesitated. They cut down the trees, 
built houses, schools, churches, stores, and libraries; 
then suddenly becoming conscious that their city 
of to-day was but a beginning of that of the future, 
they went to work to make it over, carrying away 
the hills, at least in the business section, to make 
fairly level grades for car lines and heavy teaming. 

1 This Totem Pole was brought from Alaska and is a memorial of a race rap- 
idly dying out. 




36 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Since we began to dig the Panama Canal there 
has been a good deal said about " making the dirt 
fly." In Seattle it has been flying at a prodigious 
rate, but without much noise. The process has 
been simple ; streams of water through a giant 
nozzle were directed against the hills, the clay and 
gravel melted like snow in a January thaw, and 
were led through pipes to the mud flats south of 
the city, where new streets for warehouses, rail- 
road shops, foundries, and factories will be built. 
The really difficult part of the undertaking was to 
pay for the work and to preserve the beauty of the 
fine buildings whose location was altered because 
of the lowering of the streets. Houses had to be 
propped up on stilts, and for the time being the 
residents climbed up and down by ladders. In some 
places buildings were moved away or torn down 
altogether. In 1906, there stood on a hill over- 
looking the Sound one of the best hotels in the 
city. It was taken down, the hill washed away, and 
two years later a massive fourteen-story hotel had 
taken its place, on a broad level street, now one 
of the finest quarters in the downtown section. 
Such rapid changes have a suspicion of witchcraft 
about them, even to those who watch the process, 
but the only magic used has been the determined 
spirit of the citizens and the skill of the engineers 
employed. It was the same combination that re- 
built Galveston after its destruction by flood, when 
the Texas city had to be raised out of reach of the 



SEATTLE 



37 




THE BUSINESS PORTION OF SEATTLE 

The Olympic Mountains are shown in the distance. 

angry waters that now and then sweep over the 
low shores of the Gulf of Mexico. In Galveston 
the houses were lifted up on stilts, and the level of 
the city raised to meet them ; in Seattle, the streets 
were taken away from the houses, and founda- 
tions had to be pieced on to fill the yawning gap. 
By the time the re-grading of the city is finished 
nearly 34,000,000 cubic yards of earth will have 
been removed, and sixty miles of narrow, hilly 
streets will have been changed into sixty miles of 
broad, level thoroughfares, an accomplishment of 
which any city might be proud. 

Away from the business center the hills fur- 



38 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



nish ideal sites for homes and schools. Which- 
ever way one turns there is a noble prospect. 
Below are the three lovely lakes — Washington, 
Union, and Green — with their irre^^ular w^ooded 
outline and encircling boulevards, and beyond 
the city's limits stand the somber forests which 
give to the Evergreen State its pretty name. On 
the western shore of the Sound, lively with sea- 
going craft of all kinds, the Olympic Mountains, 




SEATTLE FROM LAKE WASHINGTON 

This indicates the hilly character of the country 



a line of jagged, snowy ramparts, emerge ghost- 
like from a low-lying band of mist, and woo the 
hardy climber to try their unexplored heights. 
Around to the east is Mount Baker, the last sen- 
tinel of the Cascade Mountains, and south looms 
the peak about which no one can speak except in 
extravagant language. Mount Rainier, its silver 



SEATTLE 



39 



cone furrowed by glaciers, rises almost from sea- 
level to a height of 14,526 feet, a majestic peak, 
now catchino; the radiance of the sunset glow, now 




Copyright, 1903, by W. P. Romans. 

MT. RAINIER FROM LAKE WASHINGTON 

disappearing behind clouds of mist and smoke 
that too often dim its lovely outline. 

To see the city at its fairest, one must approach 
it by night from the Sound. Endless rows of lights 
climb the hills, outline the lakes, and reflect their 
radiance in the placid waters, till the spangled 
city seems like a bit of the starry heavens let down 
to earth. Few cities are more brilliantly lighted, 
for few have such unlimited advantages for water 
power. The streams that rush from their moun- 
tain sources leap in falls and rapids, carrying with 
them great possibilities for generating electricity 
and for turning mill wheels. Some day they will 
all be harnessed for the use of man; as yet, this 
corner of our country has scarcely been touched 



40 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

in the development of its industries. In the rocks 
lie stores of coal, iron, and copper, the inexhausti- 
ble Alaska coal fields will soon be opened, and 
when the forests shall be no more, the state will 
still be "evergreen" because the fertile soil re- 
sponds so quickly to the toil and care of the 
farmer. 

Just now the commerce of the city is increasing 
by leaps and bounds. In 1896 the first regular line 
of steamships ran between Seattle and Japan; now 
there are five different companies whose steamers 
ply between these ports and others in the Pacific, 
carrying cotton, lumber, and flour. Since gold 
was discovered in Alaska in 1897, the United 
States Assay Office in Seattle has paid $199,094,- 
871.05 for gold dust; in the mean time the people 
who flocked to the north have received most of 
the necessaries of life through Seattle. Upwards 
of ten vessels a week leave for Alaska during the 
summer months, and the departure of the first 
ship for Nome in the spring is such an event that 
a large crowd always gathers on the dock to speed 
it on its way. Beside these lines of trade there 
are regular sailings from Seattle to Hamburg via 
South America, as well as steamers going to Ha- 
waii, to Mexico, and to towns on the Pacific Coast 
of the United States and of British Columbia. 

Probably by this time you think Seattle spells 
Opportunity as well as Pleasure for its citizens 
and for those who seek a new country under the 



I 



•i 



SEATTLE 



41 



old flag. Few who come are disappointed. After 
they grow accustomed to the gray days and rains 
of winter, they cease to envy their brothers in the 
East who are wading through the snow and slush 
of city streets and country roads. It might better 
be said there is no winter or summer as most of 
us know these seasons ; no day in July and August 




THE GREAT NORTHERN DOCKS 

At these docks the " Minnesota " and other great steamships load and unload 
their immense cargoes. 



is too warm, nor one in January and February 
too cold. Boys and girls can never coast down 
the long hills, but they can enjoy outdoor sports 
nearly every day in the year, and for the long 
holidays there are the mountain playgrounds 
with their glaciers, waterfalls, and lovely meadows 
starred with flowers. If you have never been to 
Seattle, do not forget to go. If you stay long 



42 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

enough, you will be certain to catch her spirit of 
ambition, and will be willing to call her by the 
name she aspires to fulfill — the Queen City of 
the Northwest. 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. Learn the location of each place mentioned in this chap- 
ter. 

2. On an outline map of the United States locate Seattle. 
Trace the railroad route from your home to Seattle. Use 
a colored pencil to draw this route and try to make the 
map attractive with neat printing or writing. Print names 
of States crossed. 

3. Compare the winter and the summer temperatures and 
rainfall of Seattle and your town. What differences can 
you think of between your winter life and that of boys 
and girls in Seattle ? 

4. What kinds of trees grow on the Cascade Mountains? 
How do they compare in kind and size with those around 
your home ? 

5. Tell about the surroundings of your home. Are they 
hilly or level? If you have not a mountain like Mount 
Rainier, perhaps you have a river, lake, or bay. Tell 
about it. 

6. How high is Mount Rainier ? Have you seen a moun- 
tain as high ? Where ? 

7. From the list of famous mountain peaks in the Appendix 
select those which you have heard of. Which are higher 
than Mount Rainier? which one lower? Which are fre- 
quently climbed ? 

8. In what direction from Seattle are the Olympic Moun- 
tains ? the Cascades ? What similarity do you find between 
Mount Hood and Mount Rainier? 

9. Examine the pictures in this chapter and tell about the 
beautiful surroundings of the city. 



SEATTLE 43 

10. What necessaries of life do the people of Alaska order 
through Seattle ? 

11. How long would it take to go from Chicago to Seattle, 
traveling forty-five miles an hour? From Seattle to San 
Francisco ^ 



EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. Compare Puget Sound and the Mediterranean Sea as 
to — 

(a) location ; 

(b) countries bordering ; 

(c) straits leading to; 

(d) rivers emptying into ; 

(e) cities. 

2. After studying this, answer the following questions : 

1. Which of the two bodies of water has more coun- 
tries touching it .? 

2. Which is farther north ? 

3. Which has more rivers emptying into it ? 

4. Which has more cities located on it ? 

5. What languages does one hear spoken around 
each? 

3. Try to find out what early explorers visited Puget Sound, 
and when. 

4. Compare Seattle and Genoa as to — 

(a) location ; 

(b) population — nationality, size; 

(c) rainfall — in which season has each its rainfall? 

(d) exports. 

Write this in four paragraphs. 



DENVER, THE CITY IN THE 
WILDERNESS 

IN every one of the cities you have thus far 
studied, you have found some particular fea- 
tures of location or surroundings that have 
made that city different from all the others. This 
is true of Denver in a remarkable degree. Let us 
see what some of these characteristics are that 
entitle Denver, the " City in the Wilderness," to 
bear the proud title of " Queen City of the Plains." 
If you will turn over the pages of this book and 
glance at the maps showing the location of the 
different cities, you will find that Denver is the 
only one that is not situated on a large body of 
water. Indeed, if it were not for Denver, you might 
be inclined to suppose that in order to rise to im- 
portance, a city must be on some large bay or lake 
or river. But here is Denver, in the heart of a vast 
continent, a thousand miles from any ocean, with 
only the small stream of the South Platte, flat and 
shallow as its name suggests, touching its out- 
skirts. No bold explorer ever sailed up the stream 
to found a colony on its sandy margin. No rich 
cargo ever floated through its tangled channels 
across the desert waste to the Mississippi River. 
Still, though this river is insignificant in com- 
merce, and not to be named with the Hudson, the 



DENVER 



45 



Ohio, or the Savannah, it had an influence, as you 
will see, in determining the location of the city, and 
from it comes part of the city's water supply ; so 
that Denver is a river town, though in a different 
class from New York or Pittsburgh or Savannah. 
In the second place, you must think of Denver 
as having been created by man out of a wilder- 
ness, not by the wave of a magic wand like Gary, 
but by patient, unremitting toil during the last 
half-century. In the mad hunt for gold, when 



Mt.Euana 



James Peak 




DENVER AND ITS SURROUNDINGS 

The principal railroads entering Denver are : the Atchison, Topeka, and 
Santa Fe ; the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy ; the Denver and Rio Grande ; 
the Union Pacific ; and the Denver and Northwestern Pacific. 



miners and adventurers were busy washing the 
gravels of the mountain streams as they began 
their slow journey across the Plains, no large 
quantities of the precious metal were found in the 



46 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

sands of the South Platte and its tributaries ; but 
where the little Cherry Creek joins the river, a 
group of Cottonwood trees offered a bit of firewood 
and grateful shade from the desert glare, and here 
in 1858 were built some miners' cabins which after- 
ward became the nucleus of Denver. How unlikely 
did it seem in those days that a great metropolis 
would ever replace those rough cabins! Except 
for the narrow fringe along the river, all around 
was desert. The cactus flourished in the sand and 
herds of buffalo passed by in search of food and 
water. There seemed nothing to attract one to 
make a home in this wilderness. In 1820, Major 
Long had crossed the spot where Denver now 
stands and had reported to the Government at 
Washington that this part of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase would be valuable to the United States 
chiefly as a barrier to prevent population from 
spreading too far west; and in 1838, Daniel Web- 
ster opposed establishing a post route across these 
plains, saying, " To what use could we ever hope 
to put these deserts, or these endless mountain 
ranges covered with perpetual snow.^* What use 
have we for such a country! Mr. President, I will 
never vote one cent from the Public Treasury for 
such a purpose." So for many years the Great 
American Desert, as it was called, lay untouched; 
but the soil was not dead, only sleeping, waiting, 
like the little maid in the fairy tale, for the touch i 
which should waken it into life. This came with 



DENVER 



47 




A VIEW FROM THE DOME OF THE CAPITOL 

the gold-diggers. Along with them came the man 
who loved the soil. His results, when he poured 
the cooling Waters from the snow-clad mountains 
on his barren acres, were startling, there was so 
much energy in this new soil. When he suc- 
ceeded, others followed. The Government helped ; 
reservoirs and dams were built in the mountains, 
and aqueducts and canals now lead water across 
gulches and ravines to the thirsty soil of the Plains. 
To-day, the fertile valley of the South Platte has 
become a garden, and to the south of Denver are 
acres of blossoming orchards, melon patches, and 
celery trenches, bearing in such abundance that 
their harvests are sent far beyond the confines of 
the State of Colorado. 

Besides its desert surroundings, there were other 
drawbacks to the steady growth of Denver into the 
Queen City. In the years following the discovery 



48 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

of gold in the Rocky Mountains, many rival towns 
sprang up in the vicinity of Denver and seriously 
threatened its existence. There was Golden, fif- 
teen miles to the west, nearer to the mountain 
towns of Georgetown and Central City, with a 
^ promising and beautiful location at the mountain 
gateway leading to the mining camps. For five 
years it was the capital of the Colorado Territory, 
and when the railroads were planned across Col- 
orado, it seemed at one time as though Denver 
were to be sidetracked in favor of this ambitious 
little rival. These were dark days for Denver. 
Many people became so disheartened because of 
its poor prospects that they left the city and took 
their business elsewhere. Fortunately there were 
plucky and intelligent citizens who felt sure the 
town was rightly located. Far enough from the 
mountains not to be hampered in its growth, it 
was yet near enough the mountain passes and 
opening valleys to serve as a base of supplies for 
the mining camps and as a distributing center for 
their products. By sheer force of determination, 
these men made it possible for the railroads to 
come to Denver, so that from the year 1870 to the 
present there has been no halt in its progress. 

But Denver has a third distinction, and this 

one sets it far above all rivals. Perched far above 

the low plains and valleys where most of us live, 

(it has the highest elevation of any town of its size 

and importance in the world. How proud the city 



DENVER 



49 




THE COLORADO STATE CAPITOL AT 
DENVER 



is of its lofty perch! On the lowest step of the en- 
trance to the Capitol is a bronze plate, " Just one 
mile above sea-level," and in bold type the leading 
newspaper announces that their building is "Just 
one mile above 
sea-level." What 
clear pure air 
must fill the 
lungs of the 
Denverboysand 
girls ! Do you 
not envy them 
their walk to 
school every 
morning, with 
the blue Colo- 
rado sky above them and the fresh breeze from 
the snowy mountains fanning their cheeks? If 
pure air and plenty of it were all that is needed 
to warrant a long life, we might expect these boys 
and girls to live to be as old as did Methuselah. 

Because of its location so high in the air, Denver 
has another distinction, — that of getting along 
with less rainfall than the majority of cities of 
the United States; but it does so well with fif- 
teen inches a year that its lawns are as smooth 
and green as those in rainier sections, and its trees 
and shrubbery do not fall far behind those of the 
beautiful New England towns from which so 
many Denver people come. There are some bless- 



50 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

ings in a land of little rain. It must be delight- 
ful not to have gray skies interfere with a picnic 
or a tramp among the mountains. What a sharp 
contrast there must be between the rainy win- 
ters of the Northwest and the cloudless days of 
December and January in Colorado ! This dry 
air has an invigorating quality about it that acts 
like a tonic. People are strong and energetic and, 
as you have seen, they are not afraid to face diffi- 
culties. Being so far from any ocean, the air is 
free from fog. Often it is so clear that Pike's Peak, 
ninety miles away, tempts the stranger like an 
easy walk. Then, too, though summer days are 
often warm, summer nights are cool enough to 
make a blanket acceptable. 

Perhaps you are wondering how it is possible 
to have lawns and beautiful trees and vines in a 
city where for weeks and months at a time little 
rain falls. It is no easy matter. To keep the grass 
green and the garden flourishing requires the com- 
bined efforts of all the family. No one grumbles 
over this work, however, for everybody in Denver 
takes a great interest in making the city attrac- 
tive and pleasant to live in. This is evident from 
the fact that once a year, on Arbor Day, the city 
gives away trees to all who care enough to come 
and get them. As many as sixteen thousand trees 
were distributed one year. What a pretty pro- 
cession that must be — men and women, boys 
and girls, each bearing a tree with which to make 



DENVER 



51 



his home attractive ! This enthusiasm for beauti- 
fying the city is felt throughout Colorado ; the 
whole State takes pride in its capital city. Its 
clean spacious streets have been adorned with 
fine statues, and on Capitol Hill the State has 
placed a superb building where its laws are made 
and administered and its affairs regulated. 

But it is not only because it is the capital city 
that the people of Colorado look to Denver. It is 
the chief commercial city of the State, and is rap- 
idly growing into a 
busy manufacturing 
center. Because of 
its central position, 
Denver did a large 
business in the early 
days in carrying 
supplies to the min- 
ing camps. When 
the wagons that car- 
ried in food, machin- 
ery, and other neces- 
saries returned, they 
came out laden with 
the precious ores, — 
gold, silver, and lead. 
With coal in the 
mountains near by, what could be more natural 
than to smelt the lead and silver in this convenient 
distributing center. So smelting, in which the 




DISTRIBUTION OF TREES ON 
ARBOR DAY 



52 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 




ONE OF THE GREAT SMELTERS 

Where the ore, after mining, is separated from the rock, and freed from 

impurities. 

worthless earth is separated from the ore, became 
one of the earhest industries of Denver. Then 
machine shops for the repairing and making of 
mining machinery were estabHshed, for Denver 
was far from Eastern cities and the transporting 
of heavy machinery was expensive ; it would be 
cheaper to make it where there was a demand for 
it. A food supply was a necessity. Why, then, 
send cattle and sheep to Kansas City to be slaugh- 
tered ? We are not surprised, therefore, to find that 
meat-packing is an industry of Denver, and that 
flour and grist mills and wheat elevators make the 
sky-line of the city irregular. As railroads multi- 
plied and ease of transportation was secured, the 
people of the interior mountain towns, as well as 



DENVER 



S3 



those scattered far and wide across the Plains, 
began to rely on Denver for all kinds of supplies. 
This dependence is rapidly growing. Coal is plen- 
tiful and easy to bring to the city, and in the 
streams that rush through narrow canyons and 
leap over rocky 
ledges in the 
foothills and 
moun tains 
there is unlim- 
ited power for 
many kinds of 
manufacturing. 
Where trans- 
portation is 
easy, markets 
convenient, and 
raw material at 
hand, manufac- 
tures will flourish ; and where living is as pleasant 
as in Denver, people who come will like to stay. 
Denver is one of the four great distributing points 
on a great east-west line across the United States 
— New York, Chicago, Denver, San Francisco. As 
you look on the map of the United States and note 
the position of these cities, you will be impressed 
with the importance of that of Denver — with one 
hand stretched out to the vast plains, she gathers, 
by means of the converging railroads, the wealth 
that man has wrested from the apparently barren 




THE NEW "GULF-TO-SOUND ROUTE" 
OF THE SYSTEM OF RAILROADS IN 
THE NORTHWEST 



54 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

soil; with the other hand she gathers the rich toll 
of the mountains, gold, silver, lead, coal; all these 
products are sent north, south, east, and west in 
exchange for luxuries and necessities from other 
centers. There are other avenues of trade also 
opening to Denver; it is about to become a great 
Halfway House on a route linking the Northwest 
with the Southeast. On the Gulf-to-Sound Rail- 
way from Galveston to Seattle, Denver will be a 
strategic point. By this route the cotton of the 
South will be sent to Seattle for shipment to 
Yokohama and Hong Kong, and grain from the 
Inland Empire will find new markets along the 
South and East. Who can foretell what her posi- 
tion on this new route will mean to Denver.? It 
seems as if the city were the very creation of the rail- 
roads. How appropriate, therefore, is the greeting 
that the city gives to all those who enter her gates. 
As the newcomer passes at night out of the por- 
tals of the Union Station, he is astonished to see 
the greeting " Welcome" pricked out in dazzling 
lights above a beautiful bronze archway under 
which he must pass into the brilliantly lighted 
streets. When he leaves the "City in the Wilder- 
ness," he is even more astonished to see " Mizpah " 
on the other side of the Welcome Arch. This is 
the Denver spirit of hospitality, and the visitor 
is convinced that it adds another to the already 
great number of the city's attractions. 



DENVER 55 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. Write in a column the names of all the Representative 
Cities and opposite each the body of water on which it is 
located, and the State it is in. 

2. In the above exercise, mark with a star those cities which 
are capitals. 

3. Examine the picture and tell in what ways the location of 
Golden is more beautiful than that of Denver. What ad- 
vantages do you see in Denver's location ? 

4. On an outline map of the United States, locate the four 
great distributing points mentioned in the text. Under- 
line each, and write the distances between them. 

5. Consult the following " Table of Distances " and find how 
many miles it is from New York to San Francisco. How 
far must the Senator from Colorado travel to attend 
Congress at Washington ? What is the distance from 
Seattle to Galveston via Denver on the Gulf-to-Sound 
Railway ? 

Distances from Denver by Shortest Route 

New York, i960 miles St. Paul, 886 miles 

Washington, D. C, 1814 " San Francisco, 1377 " 

Chicago, 1047 " Seattle, 1595 " 

Galveston, 1133 " Atlanta, 1538 " 

6. How many feet is Denver above sea-level ? How does 
this compare with the elevation of your home? 

7. Do you celebrate Arbor Day where you live? How? 
Would it be a good plan for your home town to adopt 
the Denver idea for that day ? 

8. Give as many as possible of the distinct features of 
Denver. 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

I. How many and which of the " Twenty-five Largest Cities 
of the World " are located at sea-level ? 



56 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

2. What reasons can you give for the fact that most of the 
great cities of the world are thus situated ? 

3. What two mining towns in South Africa are situated on a 
high plain ? What similarity do you find between the 
rainfall of these towns and that of Denver ? Which has 
more routes of travel converging on it? 

4. State the chief facts of location of these three towns. 
Give reasons for the location of each. 



i 



NEW ORLEANS, THE CRESCENT 
CITY 

THE boy or girl who visits New Orleans 
for the first time will probably spend 
many hours along the levees that skirt 
the curving river front. What delicious whiffs will 
come to him from the coarse brown bags of sugar 
and the barrels of molasses ranged in orderly 
rows on the levee! If he has a sweet tooth, let 
him search for a crack from which he can sample 
the syrup as it oozes from the barrel. Not so very 
long ago this was a favorite pastime of the black 
pickaninnies who loafed here in the hot after- 
noons, for in those days the cargoes lay exposed 
to sun and rain, only the perishable freight being 
covered with tarpaulins. Now there are over two 
miles of well-built steel sheds in which cargoes 
are housed while waiting to be shipped. These 
sheds are being rapidly extended, and with their 
advent has disappeared much of the lazy pictur- 
esque life that gave an added charm to. the Cres- 
cent City. Life is still leisurely enough, however, 
that the visitor need not feel he is in the way as 
he strolls along. 

The river is low in December, and as the ships 
are moored alongside instead of bow on, it is easy 
to get an intimate view of life on board an ocean 



58 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



freighter in port. The officer who is on duty is 
glad to talk with anyone interested in his boat and 
cargo, and we are near enough for the conversa- 
tion to be quite friendly. Here is an English boat 
from Liverpool manned by an odd-looking crew, 
men with brown skin, silky black hair, and fea- 
tures like our own. They wear gold rings in their 




THE NEW ORLEANS WATER FRONT 
Showing the new steel sheds, the levees, and the river boats. 



ears and red caps, but they are short and slight 
and speak a language we do not understand. The 
mate tells us they are East Indians. 

" Why does an English ship have an East In- 
dian crew.'*" we ask. 

" Because they are cheap," is his brief reply. 

We find the ship brought many thousand pounds 



NEW ORLEANS 59 

of sacking from Calcutta. Manila hemp, the mate 
says, is made into fiber, woven into bags, and 
shipped to New Orleans. 

" What need is there for so many bags, and why 
don't we make our own from Kentucky hemp?" 
we ask. 

" I '11 answer the last question first," the mate 
replied. "They can be made cheaper over there 
than in your country, where you pay your working- 
man good wages and do not let him work more 
than ten hours a day. As for the other question, 
— look around you. Those big bags are filled with 
rice, these with sugar; then there is the sacking 
for the cotton bales, and much of the coffee that 
comes to New Orleans is re-sacked for distribu- 
tion. It is a big item of import, this hempen stufT; 
75,000,000 pounds come every year to this port." 

There is no need to ask what the mate's ship 
carries back to Liverpool, for, as we talk, we watch 
the cranes lower cotton bales into the hold. All 
the fall and winter and on into spring, the cotton 
stream passes down the Mississippi and across the 
Atlantic, one solid, steady flow until it reaches the 
English Channel, where it divides, radiating to 
Manchester, Havre, Antwerp, Hamburg, and St. 
Petersburg. That boat in mid-stream is a French 
freighter getting up steam to go down the river. 
It came over empty with water as ballast, but is 
taking back cotton for the spinning mills of Rouen. 

Beyond are two ships from Glasgow that rouse 



6o REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

our interest to the pitch of excitement. Can we 
believe our eyes? In the high prows are carved 
figureheads, such as we have read about in story- 
books. Who is the kingly looking fellow wear- 
ing a gold crown and carrying in his hand a 
trident to show his power over the waves ? Good 
old Neptune, you are far away from your home in 
Mediterranean waters, but apparently you are not 
at all concerned about it. The other figure is that 
of a rosy-cheeked, buxom lady leaning far out over 
the waves ; evidently salt water baths agree with 
her. What a glorious life, to dip into the sea froth, 
and to arise with cheeks glowing from exercise! 
We linger long about these prows, for Romance 
has cast a spell over humdrum life and we are 
loath to break it. 

Another day a boat from the Gold Coast of 
Africa ties up at the wharf. It has brought ma- 
hogany, and will return to Liverpool with cotton, 
and oak staves for barrels. The fragrant red lum- 
ber lies on the low land back of the protecting 
levee. By dint of many questions we learn that 
10,000,000 feet of mahogany come to New Orleans 
every year, the greater part from across the Gulf, — 
from Mexico, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Some 
of it is made into "antique furniture" in New 
Orleans, but Grand Rapids, Chicago, New York, 
and San Francisco get many carloads, and many 
of the finest logs are re-shipped to Copenhagen, 
Stockholm, St. Petersburg, and Liverpool, 



i 



NEW ORLEANS 6i 

Under cover of one of the steel sheds is a banner 
cargo of coffee from Rio de Janeiro and Santos. 
One hundred and twenty thousand bags arrived 
one December morning, and it took nearly two 




RIVER BOATS AT THE LEVEE 

These boats carry all sorts of freight up and down stream. Note the high 

roomy deck for passengers and the long gang-planks. 

weeks to unload the vessel. This cargo filled two 
hundred cars, making eight trainloads, all of it 
going to the Middle West to compete with that 
entering by way of New York. As there are gen- 
erally one hundred and thirty-eight pounds in a 
bag, you can figure, if you like to do sums, what 
proportion of this cargo your family consumed in 
a year. 

But it is as a banana port that New Orleans is 
especially noted, more bananas entering here than at 



62 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



any other port in the world, and the unloading of a 
banana steamer always draws an interested crowd. 
About 12,000,000 bunches were landed here in a 
recent year, chiefly from Honduras, Costa Rica, 
Bluefields, and Panama. The largest steamer of the 
United Fruit Company can carry 60,000 to 70,000 
bunches. Everything possible has been done to 
dispatch the unloading of these steamers. They are 

moored under 
curious tall yel- 
low structures 
called " Banana 
Conveyors," 
which havehio^h 
projections like 
those of a grain 
elevator. From 
the conveyor 
swings an end- 
less chain of 
pockets which 
goes down into 
the hold and up through the conveyor to the 
deck. As fast as the chain turns, the pockets are 
filled and rise into the sheds, where negroes in 
long files stand ready to carry the bananas into 
the cars waiting alongside. It is a pretty sight, 
the masses of green fruit on the shoulders of the 
bronze porters bearing them to the cool darkness 
of the car. As soon as one car is filled, it is shunted 




A BANANA CONVEYOR 






NEW ORLEANS 



63 



LAKE 
PONCHARTRAU 



to a siding ; and when a train is made up, it has 
the right of way over all other fast freight, some- 
times even over the United States mail, so perish- 
able is the cargo it carries. 

The most picturesque feature of the river front 
is the Mississippi River steamboat. Light of 
draught, with 
paddle-wheels 
at stern and two 
tall s m oke- 
stacks topped 
with a bit of iron 
filigree, it is not 
only beautiful 
but admirably 
fitted to feel its 
way among the 
treacherous riv- 
er shallows. 
Two huge 
gangplanks 

poised dangerously in mid-air are a necessary part 
of each boat's equipment, for when the river is too 
low for the boat to tie up at the wharf, they are 
let down over the mud flats forming a safe and 
easy bridge. The names of the boats are most 
attractive. It is hard to decide whether to take 
passage on the " Belle of the Bends," the " Pride of 
the River," or the " River Belle." But a journey 
on any of them is likely to interest one who has 




NEW ORLEANS AND VICINITY 

Steamships from New Orleans ply to these important 
ports : New York, Liverpool, Hamburg, Havana, 
Vera Cruz, Bluefields, and Panama. 



64 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

never sailed on a river which flows on top of the 
country instead of in a nice little bed below it. 

An intimate acquaintance with the commerce 
of New Orleans is the best introduction to the city 
a stranger could have, for in a stroll along the 
levees he is looking at the realization of the dreams 
of its founder. If we go back in imagination to the 
year 1718, when Bienville, governor of Louisiana, 
selected the site for his city, we shall feel sure that 
it needed a prophet's vision to plant a colony on 
this spot and to make it the capital of the vast 
domain of Louisiana. Nothing worth accomplish- 
ing is easy in this world of ours, and it is true in 
the history of cities as of men that, though certain 
favorable conditions may account for their success 
and importance, it is very often in the face of seri- 
ous obstacles that they rise to greatness. This is 
especially true of New Orleans. Bienville was far- 
seeing enough to realize that at the outlet of the 
fertile Mississippi and its tributaries a commer- 
cial port must grow up. Had it been possible 
for him to locate at the mouth of the river, it 
would not have been advisable; for a port must 
serve two masters, the hinterland, or back country, 
and the ocean highways, so it must get as near to 
the one as it can while keeping its hand on the 
other. New Orleans is no miles from the mouth 
of the Mississippi, by this means drawing to itself 
all lines of inland communication. The river is 
kept open for ocean ships by constant dredging 



NEW ORLEANS 



65 



and by controlling jetties. Situated on slightly ris- 
ing ground between Lake Ponchartrain and the 
river, Bienville's little settlement was considered to 
be safe from attacks by hostile Indians, and favor- 
ably located to fulfill its destiny of a gateway into 
and out of the continent. 

But the odds were heavy against his under- 
taking, and only recently have the greatest of 
them been removed. New Orleans is two feet 
below the high-water line of the river, and all that 




A SCENE IN THE FRENCH QUARTER 
Note the pretty iron balconies and the narrow and poorly paved street, 

keeps the floods from the city are earthen walls or 
levees that have been built along the river-bank. 
These are watched with the greatest care, and piles 
of sand bags are always on hand with which to 



66 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

repair the least sign of weakness in this protecting 
bulwark. The ground is naturally so marshy that 
until 1904 New Orleans never had a cellar. The 
water-soaked ground offered no secure foundation 
for high buildings; and when it rained in deluges, 
as sometimes happens, the water collected in pools 
in which mosquitoes bred, and these brought yel- 
low fever. All the drinking water of the city came 
from the clouds and was stored in large cisterns, 
one or two of which stood in every yard. For 
nearly two hundred years the people of New Or- 
leans suffered from discomfort, inconvenience, and 
disease, the natural result of these unsanitary con- 
ditions; but to-day it is one of the healthiest cities 
in the United States, — it is sewered and drained, 
and has a pure water supply filtered from the 
Mississippi. As there is no natural drainage, the 
city being flat, these improvements required much 
engineering skill. The sewage has to be pumped 
up and out, and the water pumped in, but a new 
spirit of energy in its people has conquered these 
difficulties. The ground, now thoroughly drained, 
can support proper foundations for the up-to-date 
"sky-scraper," and it will not be long before New 
Orleans will be supplied with many of these mod- 
ern business necessities. 

The Crescent City has outgrown its name, hav- 
ing in recent years spread along the curving river 
in the form of the letter " S." In the days when 
it was peopled by the French, it occupied a little 



NEW ORLEANS 



67 



half-moon on the northward loop of the river. 
This is the " French Quarter," still quaint and in- 
teresting. The streets are narrow, the houses low 
andbuiltaround 
courtyards, 
wherein French 
and Spanish 
days much of 
the home life 
centered. A 
fountain played 
there, and palms 
and flowers grew 
luxuriantly; 
there mothers 
knitted and gos- 
siped while chil- 
dren romped. 
To-day these 
courtyards are 
shabby and neg- 
lected, and modern 




A COURTYARD IN THE FRENCH 
QUARTER 



houses are turning a 
shoulder to the pretty balconies with their 



cold 
lace- 



like iron fronts that have been a charming feature 
of New Orleans. French is still spoken in the old 
quarter, and the streets bear their early names — 
Bienville, Dauphine, Royal, Rampart. Canal Street 
divides the French quarter from the American. It 
is said there were formerly French residents who 
prided themselves on never having crossed Canal 



6S REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Street, but this old prejudice has novv entirely 
disappeared. 

The streets in New Orleans are curiously ir- 
regular as a result of the shape of the city ; and 
many of them have astonishing names. Napo- 
leon has his name fastened to a broad thor- 
oughfare, and on either side are his victories — 
Jena Street, Berlin, Milan, Marengo, and Auster- 
litz Streets. In another part of the city are the 
names of the Nine Muses. Can you pronounce 
them ? They present difficulties even to the inhab- 
itants, and one hears many varieties of Terpsichore 
Street, Melpomene, and Euterpe. In another sec- 
tion is Industry Street, and near by Abundance, 
Felicity, and Piety Streets. It might be inspiring 
to live on Genius Street, or on Good Children 
Street, but if you prefer more classical names, you 
can choose Socrates or Brutus or Solon. Some 
of these thoroughfares belie their names, as Ely- 
sian Fields, where we picture happy folk walk- 
ing through flowery meadows by rippling streams. 
Alas, the reality is a long dreary avenue given 
over to freight cars, warehouses, and repair shops. 

New Orleans looks as if set in the midst of a 
garden, for in its mild moist climate vegetation 
flourishes. Here the temperate and tropical zones 
meet; palms, live-oak hung with Spanish moss, 
banana, orange, lemon, fig, and camphor trees 
grow side by side with maples, willows, oaks, and 
other trees to which Northern eyes are accus- 



NEW ORLEANS 



69 



tomed. There are many parks and open squares 
fof breathing-places, and soft southerly winds from 
the Gulf make the winter delightful. Though the 
rainfall is heavy, so much falls at one time that 
the city has more sunshiny days than its sister 
cities in the North- 
west, where it rains 
a little at a time and, 
during the winter, 
nearly every day. 

You cannot be 
long in New Or- 
leans without real- 
izing that as a com- 
mercial port and a 
manufacturing cen- 
ter it has many ad- 
vantages. The moist 
climate makes it pos- 
sible to spin cotton 
to advantage, and 
other raw materials 
are either close at 
hand or can easily be 

transported. The largest sugar refinery in the 
United States is here, its group of tall chimneys 
making a conspicuous landmark in the level 
country. Around the city sugar plantations are 
everywhere, and as cutting-time draws near, the 
newspapers have a great deal to say about the 




THE SHADE TREES OF THE 

SOUTH 

Many streets in New Orleans are bordered 

with these trees. 



70 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 




prospects for a good crop, for just as wheat holds 
the scepter in Chicago and Kansas City, so sugar 
is king in New Orleans. Because of its water 

connection with 
the interior, 
coal is brought 
cheaply from 
Pittsburgh and 
the Middle 
West. Six great 
railroad lines 
have their ter- 
minals here,and 
the jetties at the 
mouth of the 
river give a 
channel deep 
enough to accommodate the largest vessels. The 
people of New Orleans are looking forward to 
the completion of the Panama Canal, for this 
shorter route to the Indies, to western South 
America, and to our own Pacific Coast cannot 
but increase the commerce of the city. From New 
Orleans to San Francisco by way of Cape Horn 
is 13,650 miles; by way of Panama the distance is 
only 4700 miles. From New Orleans to Callao via 
Cape Horn is 10,100 miles; by way of Panama it 
will be only 2750 miles. From Chicago to New 
Orleans and Callao will be an almost north-south 
trade route; but there is no one bold enough to 



THE GREAT NORTHERN RAILROAD'S 
COTTON ROUTE TO ASIA 



NEW ORLEANS 71 

foretell all the new tides of travel and trade which 
will flow to and through the Crescent City in the 
new era which it is awaiting. 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. Make a list of all the cities mentioned in this chapter and 
write them opposite the countries to which they belong. 
Learn their location. 

2. What is hemp.? In what countries is it found, and for 
what is it used beside bags ? For what purpose is hemp 
used in harvesting machines ? Trace the route of Manila 
hemp to New Orleans and Chicago. Name the bodies of 
water crossed. 

3. On an outline map of the world draw with heavy lines 
the " cotton streams " from Galveston and New Orleans 
to Liverpool and Manchester, to Havre and Rouen, to 
Hamburg and Chemnitz, to Cologne and P^lberfeld, to 
Boston and Lowell. Print neatly the names of the ports 
exporting and importing cotton, also the names of the 
cotton-spinning towns near each port. 

4. To what country does the cotton exported by way of 
Seattle go.? Draw the route of this '^ cotton stream" 
across the Pacific. 

5. What products come to New Orleans from Costa Rica 
and Honduras ? Name and locate the port of each of 
these countries. 

6. Write a composition comparing the climate in your home 
in winter and summer with that of New Orleans. Tell 
also what differences there are in the trees and plants of 
both places. What wind brings rain to New Orleans ? 

7. Draw a plan of the way your town is laid out and com- 
pare it with the Crescent City. Find out how the prin- 
cipal streets of your town received their names. 

8. How old is the community where you live .? Is it older or 



72 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

younger than New Orleans? Who founded it? What 
cities of the United States are older than New Orleans ? 
9. Explain the advantages in the situation of a city at the 
head of a bay or up from the mouth of a navigable river. 
Compare Baltimore and Norfolk in this respect ; Portland 
and Astoria. In each case, which is the larger city? 

10. Turn to the "Rules governing the Location of Cities" 
(Appendix, page 203), and learn that rule which seems to 
you to apply best to the development of New Orleans. 

11. Draw a plan to show how railroad, river, and ocean 
traffic center at New Orleans. 

12. What articles from Central and South America reach 
Chicago by way of New Orleans ? What effect will the 
opening of the Panama Canal be likely to have on the 
trade between Chicago and the Pacific Coast ? Name 
some products of the Pacific Coast that might reach 
Chicago via New Orleans instead of overland. (Consult 
the chapter on San Francisco for your answer.) 

13. Tell some of the disadvantages of living in New Orleans 
in the early French days. 

14. What river in China has many features like that of the 
Mississippi ? What makes it so difficult to control the 
floods in both these rivers? Tell some of the difficulties 
and hazards that are a result of living near a river that 
flows on top of the land. What is a levee ? 

15. Which dependencies of the United States supply us with 
sugar ? Why should San Francisco, New York, and New 
Orleans have large sugar refineries ? Where does the coal 
that runs the refinery in New Orleans probably come 
from? By what route? (See chapter on Pittsburgh.) 



EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. Compare New Orleans and Buenos Ayres as to — 

(a) location (note latitude as well as other facts) 

(b) climate ; 



NEW ORLEANS 



n 



(c) size ; 

(d) people, language spoken ; 

(e) exports. 

Arrange these facts in the form of a chart, as below, or 
write them in paragraphs. 

Fill out the blanks in the following chart. Locate the 
countries, tell the kind of climate necessary to raise sugar 
cane, name the ports which export sugar, and the cities 
of the United States which import and refine sugar. 



Six Leading Coimtries producing Cane Sugar 



Countries 


Location 


Climate 


Export City 


Cities of U. S. 
Refining Sugar 


Cuba 










Java 

Hawaii 

United States. . 
Porto Rico .. . . . 
Brazil 





Find four cities in Europe, four in North America, and 
two in Asia that are situated on navigable rivers several 
miles inland. Explain in each case the advantages of 
such location. Make a sketch map of the location of one 
of these cities and compare it with that of New Orleans. 



DULUTH, THE ZENITH CITY OF 
THE UNSALTED SEAS 

IN the northern part of Minnesota, in a wooded 
country full of lakes and streams, lie the 
sources of two rivers, one flowing to the east 
through the Great Lakes, and one to the south. 
Here, near the head of Lake Superior, is a great 
water-parting or divide, and here in early days the 
Indians came from all directions to bargain with 
French fur traders or to arrange terms of peace. 
In those days French and Indians might well have 
said, " All trails lead to the Great Portage " ; to-day 
the people of Duluth will tell you, " All roads lead 
to Duluth." 

With these facts in mind, we can understand 
how the nickname, the Zenith City, came to be 
applied. The origin of its real name is quite as in- 
teresting, but history, not geography, gives us the 
key to that. Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Luth, a 
brave soldier of France, came to New France to 
help in extending the fur trade, and to explore the 
West. In 1679, at the Great Portage near where 
Duluth now stands, he called a council of the 
warring Indian tribes, who declared a peace with 
each other and with France. Nearly two hundred 
years later the pioneers who settled Duluth met 
at a picnic to decide upon a name for their town. 



DULUTH 



75 



No name that was suggested suited the assembly, 
until finally a Rev. Mr. Wilson arose, and giving 
a brief history of the place, proposed " Duluth." 
Instantlythe au- 




dience clapped 
their hands, 
sprang to their 
feet, and then 
and there voted 
to adopt the 
name. 

It is a 
thing for a 
or girl to 
brought up in a 
town where the 
motto of every 
one is "Do it for 
Duluth." To 
carry this out 
may mean sacri- 
fice and service, but history has shown that the 
people are always ready. After the railroad came 
to the city in 1870, business increased so that it 
became necessary to improve the harbor by cutting 
a canal across Minnesota Point. This would give 
an easier entrance than to go around the point to 
the natural opening. Across the bay is the city of 
Superior, in the State of Wisconsin, but sharing 
with Duluth the benefits of the beautiful bay a mile 



DULUTH AND SUPERIOR 

Note the ship canal, and harbor. Refer to the 
illustrations on pages 76 and S^. The principal 
railroads entering Duluth are : The Duluth, 
Mesaba, and Northern ; the Chicago and North- 
western ; the Great Northern ; and the Northern 
Pacific. 



1^ 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



wide and seven miles long. Superior, having a wide 
outlet to the lake, hoped to be the greater city; and 
she was alarmed when she saw what Duluth was 
doing. Hurriedly the people appealed to the United 
States Government, claiming that the new canal 
would shallow their channel and injure their har- 
bor. But before the Supreme Court could act every 
man, woman, and child in Duluth who could 
handle a shovel w^ent down to Minnesota Point 
and began to dig. Day and night they worked, 
and the canal was cut through before the order to 




^:i,m¥*% 



<f. 



Copyright, l^\r). by Ifewa tribune, Duluth. 

DULUTH HARBOR AND MINNESOTA POINT 
Note the ship canal, shown in detail on page S3. 



stop it came from the Court! To-day there still 
exists a rivalry between the two cities, but the 
unfriendliness of those early days has given place 
to a feelino^ of mutual orood-will. 



DULUTH 'jy 

The city has a beautiful situation. In front are 
the blue waters of the biggest fresh-water lake in the 
world, an inland sea in very truth, while back of the 
town rocky hills rise in terraces to the height of 
six hundred feet. The townspeople have a joking 
way of saying that Duluth is thirty miles long, 
half a mile wide, and a mile high, but if you had 
to climb the steep streets to your home you would 
think the saying no joke. How many famous 
cities are on steep hillsides! Genoa rises abruptly 
from the sea, Rome is built on seven hills, and 
Quebec's steep cliff overlooks the St. Lawrence. 
In the early days people settled on hillsides to 
be secure against sudden attacks from enemies. 
Duluth has no foes to fear; so instead of cannon 
on the hills, there are beautiful homes and schools 
and boulevards, and the bracing air and the elec- 
tric car help the people to climb the steep in- 
clines. 

The Zenith City is young. Boston was about two 
hundred and twenty-five years old when Duluth 
was born, and though at first the town grew very 
slowly, it has taken a great leap since 1880. It is 
with the planting of cities as with the sowing of 
crops ; not all seeds that are sown sprout, nor do 
all settlements grow into towns. There must be 
something in one locality more than in another 
to attract people in large numbers; let us see what 
it is at Duluth. 

Where a land route ends and a water route 



78 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



begins, or a water route ends and a land route be- 
gins, goods and passengers have to be moved from 
one kind of carrier to another. This is called a 
break in transportation, and some sort of settle- 
ment always 
springs up at 
such a point of 
transfer. Wheth- 
er it will be a 
village or a city 
depends largely 
on the amount 
of goods to be 
carried. One of 
the oldest of 
modern cities, 
London, is at 
such a break, 
and you will find many others. Most of the cities 
on the Great Lakes have this reason in common 
for their beginning, but as it is the amount of 
freight passing through a place that makes busi- 
ness, Buffalo and Chicago have grown larger than 
the other Lake ports. 

Duluth is at the head of the greatest inland 
waterway in the world, and in the center of a re- 
gion that furnishes three great products; therefore 
the chief business of the city is gathering and dis- 
tributing, loading and unloading. Pine from the 
forests on the shores of Lake Superior is sent to 




ROUTES OF ORE SHIPMENTS THROUGH 
THE GREAT LAKES 



DULUTH 



79 



Duliith, where it is sawed, piled in great yards on 
the water front, and shipped down the Lakes or 
by train to the people of the prairies. From the 
Western prairies in August and September, come 
the products of the grain-fields, wheat, barley, oats, 
rye, and flax. Wheat is the most important. Du- 
luth and Chicago are the two Lake ports that re- 
ceive most of the hard spring wheat, which makes 
the best flour in the world. One year ninety mil- 
lion bushels came to Duluth. It is hard to picture 




Photo, by McKenzie, Duluth- 

A GRAIN BOAT LOADING WITH WHEAT 
Note the modern steel and cement elevators. 



such a quantity. If you enter the city by the way 
of the lake you will see a number of tall " sky- 
scrapers 
bor. 

stored until it can be shipped. Duluth and Su- 
perior together have twenty-one of these elevators 



standing on the outer edge of the har- 
These are grain elevators where wheat is 



8o REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

holding in all 55,000,000 bushels. Three thousand 
years ago Joseph built for Pharaoh, King of Egypt, 
big granaries on the banks of the Nile to provide 
food for the starving people when there was a 
famine in the land; but whereas the Israelites and 
Egyptians carried the grain away by the sackful, 
Duluth and Superior ship it by the boat-load, each 
boat holding thousands of bushels. At every large 
port along the way, some of the grain is dropped, 
each city turning it into flour and distributing it. 
But there is a third and greater product that 
goes through Duluth ; it is iron ore. In the north- 
west part of Minnesota is the Height of Land, low 
ranges running east and west, and this region, a 
wilderness in 1890, is now the greatest producer 
of iron ore in the world. This is not only because 
there is so much iron there, but also because it lies 
so near the surface and is so soft and pure that it 
can be dus^ out without the blastiuQ- and tunnel- 
ing that make underground mining so costly and 
dangerous. At Hibbing, one of the mining towns 
in the Mesaba Range, there are several of these 
open pits, the largest one measuring a mile and a 
half in length and half a mile across. Tracks are 
laid into the pit, and steam shovels scoop out the 
ore and throw it into cars, — steel cars made in Pitts- 
burgh out of the iron they carry down from Hib- 
bing. Long trains of forty to fifty cars are run to 
the top of the mine, and once there it is downhill 
all the way to the Lake Erie poj^ts. A long slide, 



DULUTH 



8i 



you say; indeed it is, but it costs so little to mine 
the ore and to carry it on the Lakes, that the steel 
manufactories of Pittsburgh and Cleveland find it 
cheaper to get iron from Minnesota than to dig it 
from the rocks of Pennsylvania. At Superior and 
Duluth the cars run on to long docks, some of 
them extendino: half a mile into the harbor. There 




STEAM SHOVELS LOADING ORE 

In one of the mines in the Mesaba range. Note that tracks are laid on several 

levels. 



the bottom of each car opens, and the ore falls 
below into big hoppers and runs down long spouts 
into the ore boats moored alongside the docks. 
The largest ore boat afloat is six hundred and five 
feet long and holds r 5,000 tons. How swiftly these 
boats slip through the water ! There is need of 
speed, for navigation is open only eight months 
in the year, and enough ore must be piled up at 



82 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 




Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and other Lake ports to 
keep the blast furnaces and steel mills running all 
winter. 

The State of Minnesota realized when these 
rich deposits of ore were found that they belonged 

to the people of 
Minnesota, so 
though private 
companies own 
the mines, for 
every ton of ore 
mined they 
must pay a cer- 
tain sum into 
the State Treas- 
ury, and this 
money is de- 
voted to educa- 
tion. This accounts for the beautiful schools in 
these mining towns, buildings much finer than 
any houses the inhabitants occupy. 

Hibbing is a curious place ; surrounded by the 
mines, it is built on iron, and any day a house 
may have to arise and walk to another foundation 
because they must dig for iron under it. It is a 
common sight to see houses moving slowly along 
the streets looking for new resting-places. The 
ore is buried under a blanket or cover of gravel, 
sometimes a few feet, sometimes eighty feet in 
thickness. This cover is taken off during the win- 



THE DULUTH HIGH SCHOOL 

One of the finest buildings of the kind in the 

country. 



DULUTH 



83 



ter when the ore cannot be mined. As the ground 
freezes hard it has to be blasted, so the Httle 
frame houses in the town are constantly shaken 
and the ears of the citizens deafened by the can- 
nonading. One would think the inhabitants were 
in a state of siege. The " strippings " are piled up in 
great plateaus outside the pits. If the mine owners 
lived there, very likely they would plant these hills 
and turn them into pretty hanging-gardens or 
parks. But they live far away in pleasanter places; 
probably some 
of them have 
never seen the 
place theirmon- 
ey comes from. 
You now 
know some- 
thing of the 
great carrying 
service Duluth 
does; but has it 
occurred to you 
to ask if all 
these boats that 
go eastward so 
heavily laden return empty .f^ That would be a very 
one-sided and costly service indeed, hardly a ser- 
vice at all ; for all this northern part of the Middle 
West lacks one of the chief necessaries of life, 
namely, coal. So at the ports where the ore and 




STEEL ORE BOAT IN DULUTH SHIP 
CANAL 

Note the Aerial Bridge over the canal. Persons 
wishing to cross the canal are carried over on the 
traveling draw suspended from this bridge. Com- 
pare with the view on page 76. 



84 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

grain are unloaded, another loading process goes 
on quite as wonderful as these just described, and 
Duluth and Superior become receivers and dis- 
tributors of fuel. Nor is this all; beside this bulky 
freight which acts chiefly as ballast, the boats bring 
back manufactured goods, plows and harvesting 
machines, hardware for use indoors and out, in 
home and factory, clothing and furniture, books 
and articles of luxury that are needed by the 
people of these States ; and in this way Duluth has 
become such a distributing center that ten rail- 
roads enter the city now where there was one in 
1870. In view of these facts, it is not difficult to 
believe the claim that Duluth made in 1905 to be 
the port of greatest tonnage in the world. 

It is not strange that the people of the Zenith 
City are energetic in the present and hopeful for 
the future. Blessed with a healthful climate and 
a soil fitted to produce excellent harvests, at the 
head of our Inland Seas, and on a transcontinental 
line that reaches out across the Pacific, Duluth 
has good reason to hope that it may one day be a 
central point on a great world highway, that shall 
traverse not only the unsalted seas but the oceans 
and the countries beyond them. 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

I. Tell why a settlement is likely to grow up at a break in 
transportation. Find ten cities in the United States 
located at such a point of transfer. Which of these cities 



DULUTH 85 

are among the " Twenty-five Largest Cities in the United 
States " ? (Consult the list in the Appendix, page 204, for 
your answer.) 

2. If the average load of a freight car is 66,000 pounds, how 
many cars would it take to haul the 90,000,000 bushels of 
wheat that came to Duluth ? 

3. Didyouever see a grain elevator ? Explain its use. Where 
are such buildings located ? 

4. What is the meaning of zenith ? How does it apply to 
Duluth ? 

5. What is the origin of the name of your city or town? 
Tell the story of its origin, and of the founding of the 
town. 

6. Find out the chief reasons for the location of the place 
you live in. Is it at a break in transportation ? Write an- 
swers to Exercises 5 and 6 in the form of a composition 
for your English work. 

7. Examine the map, showing the location of Duluth, and 
tell how the ship canal is an advantage to its commerce. 

8. State as many reasons as you can for the location of 
cities. Illustrate each by an example of a city. (Consult 
" Rules governing the Location of Cities," Appendix, 
page 203.) 

9. Explain how Mesaba ore is mined and how it reaches 
the blast furnaces at Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Gary. 
What is a blast furnace ? 

10. On an outline map of the United States draw the route 
of the iron ore down the Lakes to Chicago, Cleveland, 
Erie, and Pittsburgh. Locate on this map the iron mines, 
the shipping ports, and the chief manufacturing cities 
which receive the ore. Measure the distance from Duluth 
to Cleveland and write this on the map. (Use the scale of 
miles on the United States map in your geography text- 
book.) 

11. Write a composition on "Our Inland Seas," telling the 
facts about them that interest you most. 



86 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



12. In which part of North America do you find French 
names ? Spanish ? Make a list of the French names you 
find on or near the Great Lakes; the Indian names. 



EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

Opening and Closing of Grain Ports of the World 



St. Petersburg 
Montreal -^, 

Duluth ^ C'°^^ 

Odessa J 

St, Petersburg ] 

Montreal I r»^^^ 

Duluth \ Open 

Odessa J 



November 20 
December i 
January 15 
Free from ice 

April 21 
April ID 
April 16 
Free from ice 



1. Compare the length of the open season of each port with 
that at Duluth. Which has the longest season ? 

2. Look up references in the Index of your geography text- 
book under " Iron." Locate chief iron mining centers in 
England, France, Germany, and the United States. Name 
a city in each center. 

3. Name five cities in Europe, five in Asia, two in Africa, and 
two in South America that are located at a break in trans- 
portation. 

4. Where is the "Soo" Canal? Compare it with the Suez 
and Panama Canals as to location, winter temperature, 
rainfall, products of country, cities. Put these facts in the 
form of a chart as below, or draw a map of each canal 
arranging facts neatly. 

Cotnparison of Three Great Canals 



Location 

Waters connected. . . . 
January Temperature, 

Rainfall / 

Products 

Cities 



" Soo" Canal 



Suez Canal 



Panama Canal 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL: THE 
TWIN CITIES 

MINNEAPOLIS and St. Paul are not 
the only " twins " among our cities. A 
little thought will show you that it is 
not uncommon for two, and even three, or four 
towns to grow up near a common center because 
of specially favorable geographical conditions. The 
four cities of San Francisco Bay share in the ad- 
vantages of that vast landlocked harbor. Around 
New York Bay lies the most splendid city group 
in the whole world. New York, Brooklyn, Jersey 
City, and Hoboken — we might almost add New- 
ark — are flourishing cities because of the oppor- 
tunities for trade and manufacture offered by their 
unrivaled location. Sometimes these adjacent cities 
unite under one government, as New York and 
Brooklyn, and Pittsburgh and Allegheny City have 
done, because in this way their common interests 
can be better served. Often a state boundary pre- 
vents this union, as in the case of Duluth and 
Superior, New York and Jersey City. 

In all the cities you have thus far studied, you 
have found some geographical feature the deter- 
mining cause for their location. Thisisequall}^ true 
of Minneapolis and St. Paul. A few miles above 
the point at w^iich the Minnesota River enters the 



88 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Mississippi, the latter leaps over a ledge of lime- 
stone rock making the famous St. Anthony Falls. 
Below the falls the river flows swiftly for a few 
miles, then settles down into a placid waterway for 
the most part undisturbed by rapids to its mouth. 
At the place where river navigation began or 
ended, a little trading-post known as St. Paul 
grew up in the early part of the nineteenth cen- 
tury, relying for protection on the guns of Fort 
Snelling, which the United States Government 
had built at the junction of the Minnesota and 
Mississippi Rivers to guard the northern frontier 
of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory. It 
was natural that a settlement of some sort should 
spring up at the point where the little boats of 
that early day had to stop because of shoal water. 
French and English fur traders had long kept the 
Indians of this Northwest country busy during the 
hunting season, for furs were very fashionable in 
Europe and could be bought cheaply in the New 
World. To this point the Indians and traders 
came with their furs, and scattered settlers bought 
food and other supplies at the rude country store. 
By 185 1 there was a lively summer trade between 
St. Paul and settlements on the Red River. Long 
trains of ox-carts filled with furs filed into St. 
Paul, the creaking and groaning of their cumber- 
some wheels announcing their arrival from afar. 
As new settlements were made, the town became 
the base of supplies for all the Northwest, and St. 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 



89. 



Paul began to prosper just as Seattle did during 
the rush of the gold-seekers to Alaska. In the 
year of the great " boom " after the knowledge of 




1 -2 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 
The principal railroads entering the " Twin Cities " are : the Northern Pacific ; tlie 
Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul ; the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy ; the 
Chicago and Great Western ; and the Chicago and Northwestern. 

the fitness of the prairie soil for wheat had spread 
over the country, the steamboats brought 30,000 
people to St. Paul, whence, after buying their sup- 
plies, they scattered over the prairie. The packet 
boats did a thriving business that year, and for 
many thereafter ; but as modern progress insists 
on quicker carriage and communication, these 



90 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

boats have practically gone out of commission. 
The city has, however, kept its character as a 
central distributing point. Ten separate railroad 
systems center here, making the " Twin Cities " 
easily reached from every part of the continent. 
The deepening of the Mississippi is already under 
way; perhaps by the time you are ready to go into 
business, increased river traffic may tempt you to 




Copijri.jht, Sifet't, Minneapulis. 

THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FROM HIGH BRIDGE, ST. PAUL 

try your fortune in one of these cities. The chief 
fur market of North America is still in St. Paul, 
and manufacturing thrives because power from 
the falls can be utilized and the many railroads 
fetch and carry quickly. St. Paul is also the capital 
of the State, though you may think it is not very 
centrally located for that purpose ; but then, what 
of Boston, Helena, Topeka, Cheyenne, and Albany ? 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 



91 



If the Falls of St. Anthony had an indirect in- 
fluence on the location of St. Paul, their turbulent 
waters have been the making of Minneapolis. A 
waterfall means power, for the force of falling 
water can set a 
wheel in motion, 
and by means of 
gears and belts 
and armatures 



generate 





I i 1 2 I I I f M i I n n 



MINNESOTA STATE CAPITOL AT SAINT 
PAUL 



can 

electricity and 
so set engines 
to work and ma- 
chinery to run- 
ning. The sol- 
diers of Fort Snelling were the first to use this 
power. In a rough sort of mill which they built 
in 1822, they sawed the logs necessary for their 
barracks. When their work was finished they 
closed the door of the little mill, and for many 
years the waters of the Mississippi frothed and 
tumbled at their own sweet will between the rocky 
bluffs. Then some adventurous New England 
people pushed their way to this frontier, a saw- 
mill was built on the east bank of the river, and 
the little town of St. Anthony was begun. This 
is to-day the old part of Minneapolis, where the 
great State University crowns the blufi" and the 
broad avenue leads directly to the splendid State 
Capitol in St. Paul. 



92 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

So Minneapolis was first a lumber town, and 
still is. From that day to this the harnessed falls 
have driven the steel teeth of the saw into the pine 
logs of northern Minnesota until those great for- 
ests are a thing of the past, though Minneapolis 
continues to be one of the great lumber centers of 
the world, sawing in a recent year over 594,000,000 
feet of lumber. With the establishment of sawmills 
many kinds of factories gathered around the falls, 
— planing-mills and factories for making sashes, 
doors, blinds, and shingles. But in spite of this, the 
lumber industry alone would never have brought 
about the rapid growth of the " Twin Cities," for 
you must realize that when a tree is cut down, 
unless another tree is planted in its place, it means 
so much less feet of lumber in the world. As 
lumber companies have not as a rule planted trees, 
you can easily understand why the amount of lum- 
ber furnished to the Minneapolis mills is constantly 
growing less. No, the foundation of the prosper- 
ity of the " Twin Cities " lies in the golden wheat 
harvests of Minnesota and the Dakotas. The early 
farmers who settled in the Northwest had found 
that northern climate with its long hours of sum- 
mer sunshine wonderfully adapted to the cultiva- 
tion of spring wheat, but its kernel was wrapped 
in a hard gritty covering and the flour was so dark 
people objected to it. Then millers went to work 
to discover a method of manufacture which would 
remove these difficulties. They visited various 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 



93 




^ 



Courtesy, Waehburn Crosby Co. 

SECTIONAL VIEW OF A SIMPLIFIED FLOUR MILL 

This gives a connected idea of the milling process without bringing in many con- 
fusing details. The processes may be described briefly as follows : (i) Scales, 
for weighing wheat as it is received. (2) Receiving separator, for separating 
other kinds of seeds from wheat. (3) Storage bins, for reserve supply of wheat 
in advance of mill requirements. (4) Mill separator, for further separating 
foreign seeds from wheat. (5) Scourer, for removing dust from wheat kernels. 
(6) Cockle cylinder, for removing all round seeds. (7) Wheat washer, for thor- 
oughly cleansing the wheat. (S) Wheat dryer, for drying wheat after washing. 
(9) 1st break rolls, for rupturing bran, enabling bran and germ to be separated 
from interior. (10) ist break scalper, for sifting middlings through bolting cloth 
to separate from bran. (11) 2d break rolls, for further loosening the middlings 
from bran. (12) 2d break scalper, for sejiarating more middlings from bran. 
(13) 3d break rolls, for further loosening middlings from bran. (14) 3d break 
scalper, for final separation of middlings from bran. (15) Bran duster, for 
dusting low grade flour from bran. (16) Bran bin, for packing bran for shipment. 
(17) Grading reel, for separating middlings by sifting through various sizes of 
bolting cloth. (18) Dust collector and purifier, for cleaning and puiifying mid- 
dlings by air and sifting. (19) Smooth rolls, for grinding purified middlings 
very fine to flour. (20) Flour bolter, for sifting flour from purified middlings. 
(21) 2d reduction rolls, for further grinding of purified middlings. (22) Flour 
bolter, for separating flour from purified middlings of second grading. (23) Flour 
bin and packer, for packing flour for shipment. 



94 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

milling cities of Europe, especially Budapest, in 
whose mills the old-fashioned grindstones had been 
discarded and a new process of crushing the wheat 
berry between heavy rollers had been installed. 
They returned with new ideas and began to make 
inventions and to introduce new machinery. The 
result was astonishing; Eastern farmers dropped 
their hand plows on their rocky upland farms and 
rushed to the Northwest to harvest with the reaper 
and binder and giant threshing-machines. This 
news spread to Norway and Sweden and Germany, 
and immigrants poured into the new land. Rail- 
road builders became prophets and laid iron rails 
across the open prairie where there was no sign 
of habitation. Sometimes the rush of new settlers 
was so great that, as soon as it was known just 
where a railroad line was going to be laid and 
stations located, a body of enterprising folk would 
push on in advance and the town would be built 
before the track had reached it. At all these sta- 
tions grain elevators were among the first build- 
ings to be erected ; even to-day, as you cross the 
wheat country on the Northern Pacific or Great 
Northern Railway, the looming on the horizon of 
one of these ungainly structures will often be the 
first sign of an approaching town. 

Since this period Minneapolis has become the 
greatest flour-milling center in the world. It could 
hardly be otherwise. The Red River Valley has 
been called " the bread basket of the world," and 



1 

1 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 



95 



Minneapolis holds in its grasp the long spout-like 
handle though which a continuous stream of grain 
is fed to its elevators and mills. It seems as if all 
the busy life of this city buzzed and hummed be- 
cause of lumber and grain. Twenty-four flour mills 
with a capacity of 88,000 barrels a day must mean 
that many people are working. There are fifty-one 
elevators in Minneapolis holding over 40,000,000 
bushels, with machinery for weighing and lifting 
the grain, cleaning it, and spouting it into the 
mills or waiting cars. This grain is brought from 
the country elevators by the train-load, and during 
the rush season in early fall terminal elevators, 
railroads, and storage yards are doing a mighty 
business. The following clipping from the New 
York Times will show how long beforehand this 
movement of the crop eastward must be planned 

10,000 NEW 

GRAIN CARS 

Northwestern Railroads Need Them 
to Move the Crops 

Minneapolis, Minn., July 22. — 
Nearly 1 0,000 grain cars are being built 
by roads having headquarters and ter- 
minals in the Twin Cities according to 
officials of the roads to-day, who de- 
clared that the cars would be rushed 
to grain-producing points in order that 
there may be no dearth of rolling stock. 

Officials say that every one of the 
new cars will have been distributed 
throughout the Northwest by Septem- 
ber I. 



96 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Imagine the endless lines of freight cars which 
roll into Minneapolis during September and Oc- 
tober ! To empty these, switch them out of the 
way, and send them westward again is a knotty 
problem for the railroads. As soon as the grain 
arrives it must be inspected, and each morning 
State inspectors go to the railroad yards, take sam- 
ples of the grain, examine, and grade it. In 1909 
over 130,000,000 bushels of grain were received in 
Minneapolis. Where did the money come from to 
pay for such an amount ? Just as the railroads plan 
ahead for cars to move the grain crop, so must the 
bankers arrange to have money in their vaults to 
meet this demand. As the crops move east, gold 
moves w^est, so that the fall is the bankers' rush 
season as w^ell, when it is not uncommon for them 
to pay out half a million dollars in a day. This 
money comes back to the cities in various ways ; 
farmers buy tools and farming machines here, mill- 
ers their machinery as w^ell as flour barrels and 
bags, and the farmers' wives and daughters send 
to the " Twin Cities " for pianos and sewing-ma- 
chines, the latest books and household conven- 
iences. Thus it is that the " Twin Cities " have 
become the great financial center of these North- 
ern States as well as their industrial and trading 
metropolis. 

Perhaps by this time your thoughts have leaped 
ahead and you are questioning if what is true 
of these cities in one great wheat section of the 



■j 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 




THE MILLING DISTRICT OF MINNEAPOLIS 
Note the grain elevator, the falls supplying power to the mills, and the bridges 
connecting St. Paul and Minneapolis. In the distance may be traced the line 
of the level prairie. 

United States is true also in other wheat cen- 
ters across the seas. This will be an interesting 
quest for you to follow, and before you have looked 
very long you will be certain to spy out Budapest, 
the capital of Hungary. This city has so many 
parallels with our " Twin Cities " that it will be 
worth while to consider them. Buda, the old town, 
and Pest, the new^er city, have long been towns of 
importance. Standing where rocky w^alls and a 
large island in the river offered the best place for 
bridging the Danube before it spread out on the 
open plain, roads from the west and north con- 
verged across this bridge to radiate to the towns 
of Hungary on the east and south. Budapest, the 



98 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

now united city, is therefore an important railroad 
junction. To this central point have been brought 
since early times the wheat and corn of the fertile 
acres of Hungary, to be ground into flour and meal 
and distributed among the cities of Europe. As a 
flour city, Budapest has long been famous ; and 
though Minneapolis has left it far behind in the 
race, it has, in a certain sense, been the " mother" 
of the inventions which have made the " New 
Process" flour of Minneapolis mills known the 
world over. 

We may follow our comparisons between these 
cities even further. Both city groups are on navi- 
gable rivers. Each is at the outpost of a rich ter- 
ritory; Hungary has her fertile open prairies 
like those of the " Twin Cities " ; the mountains 
north of Budapest are densely forested and con- 
tain mineral wealth, and though the pine forests 
of Minnesota are now no more, there is still un- 
told wealth in the low iron ranges of the Height 
of Land; Budapest was selected by the Romans 
as a site for a camp or fort to guard the frontier of 
their dominion, and you have seen how the " Twin 
Cities " were linked with the erection of Fort 
Snelling. Strange as the likeness may seem, all 
these cities look down on wooded islands. The 
outdoor loving Budapestians play, bathe, and eat 
in their city park on Margaret Island ; on Harriet 
Island the boys and girls who live in the crowded 
part of St. Paul have a delightful summer play- 






MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL 



99 



ground, and the upper end of Nicollet Island was 
formerly a fashionable residence district of Min- 
neapolis. 

In some respects the Old World city is ahead 
of its new rival; its streets are cleaner, and its in 
habitants take life more leisurely and have more 
time to play. When Minneapolis and St. Paul are 
as old as their Hungarian twin, they may have 
learned more wisdom. As it is, they have done so 
much in fifty-four years that we may forgive them 
this fault. Who would have dreamed that in 
little more than half a century a city group of over 
500,000 people would replace a wilderness ! The 
city builders who did this work did not confine 
their efforts to 
creating big in- 
dustries alone ; 
they were wiser 
than that. 

Schools went 
up side by side 
with sawmills 
and flour-mills, 
and the great 
State Universi- 
ty at Minneap- 
olis offers to the poorest child the possibilities 
of a college education. Of late years both cities 
have drawn within their limits a series of parks 
that can hardly be matched for loveliness. Lakes, 




Vopyriijht. Hweet, MinneapolM. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA 



100 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

ravines, the romantic Minnehaha Falls, wooded 
rido'es, the bordering^ river bluffs, make an en- 
chanting whole which offers health and happiness 
to the future as well as to the present inhabitants 
of the " Twin Cities." 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. Learn the location of each of the city groups mentioned 
in this chapter. Look for other twin cities on the map of 
the United States. What city is opposite Omaha ? Kansas 
City? Cincinnati? 

2. Point out on the map the territory known as the Louis- 
iana Purchase. What river drains this territory? What 
two rivers did Fort Snelling control ? Show how its loca- 
tion was important in those early days. What do you 
mean by 2l frontier ? 

3. Group together those capital cities of the United States 
which are centrally located ; those which are in the eastern 
part of the State ; those which are in the western part. 
Which of these three locations is most common ? 

4. What reason can you give for the selection of these cities 
as capitals : Boston, Carson City, Cheyenne, Albany ? 
Remember that the capital should be near the center of 
population of the State. For what reason ? 

5. Compare the picture of the State Capitol at St. Paul with 
that of Denver. Tell something of the view you would 
get from each building. 

6. Name other cities besides Minneapolis that have grown 
up at waterfalls. What group of States contains many 
such cities ? What are the chief occupations in these cities ? 
Give examples. 

7. Examine the label on the bag or barrel of flour you have 
at home. Did the fiour come from Minneapolis ? Describe 
the route it took. 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL loi 

8. On an outline map of the United States locate Minneapo- 
lis, Duluth, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Kansas City, 
Toledo, Buffalo, Portland (Ore.). Why should these cities 
be grain and flour centers ? Which are located on or near 
the Great Lakes? Print the name of the State in which 
each is situated. Give a title to this map. 

9. On the map used in Exercise 8, draw the route of the 
export wheat sent from Duluth to New York via the 
Lakes ; from Kansas City and St. Louis to Baltimore. 
Which distance is shorter .'^ Which route is more level? 
Write these facts neatly on your map. 

[Q. Write a comparison between the "Twin Cities" and 
Budapest, telling how they are alike and how different. 
Do this either in composition form, or in a chart as sug- 
gested below : — 

TWO " TWIN CITIES " 
New World Old World 

Minneapolis — St. Paul Budapest 



II. Tell in one or two paragraphs what your home locality 
has done to provide outdoor recreation for its citizens. 
If you have no parks or playgrounds what steps could 
school children take to help secure them ? 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

WHEAT HARVEST CALENDAR 

Wheat is harvested Somewhere every Month in the Year 

January, Australia, Chile, Argentina. 

February-March, Upper Egypt, India. 

April, Lower Egypt, India, Syria, Persia, Mexico, Cuba. 

May, Texas, Algeria, China, Japan. 



102 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

June, California, Oregon, Mississippi, Alabama, Virginia, 

Carolinas, Colorado, Greece, Italy, Spain. 

July, New England, and Middle Atlantic States, Illinois, 

Nebraska, Canada (east), Roumania, Austria- 
Hungary, Russia (south), Germany, south of 
England, France. 

August, Central and Northern Minnesota, Manitoba, British 

Columbia, Belgium, central Russia. 

September-October, Scotland, Scandinavian Peninsula, north of Russia. 

November, Peru, South Africa. 

December, Burmah, New South Wales. 

1. Arrange this calendar in the form of a large clock-face, 
substituting the months for the hours of the day. With a 
movable hour-hand attached by a pin or paper fastener 
you can keep the class informed from month to month 
where wheat is being harvested. 

2. Explain why the wheat harvest of Argentina is in Janu- 
ary, and why wheat should ripen in Upper Egypt before 
it does in Lower Egypt. Which is nearer the Equator ? 

3. Be able to point out on the map every country named in 
the " Wheat Calendar." Compare all these countries as 
to their latitude. Which is farthest from the Equator? 
When is its wheat harvest ? 



i 



CHICAGO, OUR INLAND METROPOLIS 

CHICAGO, more than any of the Repre- 
sentative Cities, has been favored with a 
variety of nicknames, some of these orig- 
inating in a spirit of playfuhiess, others in all seri- 
ousness, as descriptive of what the city really is. 
Of the latter sort is the name selected for the 
heading of this chapter — Chicago, metro polls, 
the mother or chief city of the vast inland region 
lying between the Rockies and the Alleghanies. 
The prettiest nickname, however, which has been 
given to Chicago is that of " The Garden City," 
a name that brings to mind the rolling prairies 
that stretch away from it on all sides but one. 
These prairies of Cook County form one of the 
richest agricultural districts of the Prairie State, 
and all about Chicago the country is like one 
great farm on which is raised food for the people 
of the city, and such an abundance of flowers that 
in the height of the season Chicago daily exports 
thousands of roses and carnations. Unlike most 
great cities, it has saved its gardens from destruc- 
tion as it has spread out over the prairie, and has 
turned them into acres of wooded parks and broad 
shaded streets called boulevards, these forming a 
nearly complete chain around the city. To-day 
Chicago leads all cities of the United States in the 



I04 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



number of children's playgrounds; and these are 
so scattered through the city that some one field 
for recreation is within the reach of every child. 
What wonderful playgrounds they are, and how 
completely they are provided with means of amuse- 
ment ! There are swimming and wading pools, 




ONE OF THE MANY PLAYGROUNDS 

A wading pool7 and a house for indoor recreations are unusual features. Other 

parts of the playground provide space for all sorts of athletic sports. 

shower baths, assembly halls, clubrooms, gymna- 
siums, reading-rooms, lunch counters, ball and 
tennis fields, as well as sand-piles, swings, slides, 
and other things to tempt boys and girls to play 
and exercise. With these opportunities the chil- 
dren of " The Garden City " are perhaps in a fairer 
way to grow up healthier and happier than those 
of many a smaller city. 

Strangers who visit Chicago during March or 
November often think it is rightly called " The 
Windy City"; but the strong west winds are a 



CHICAGO 



105 



blessing, even if in disguise, blowing the smoke of 
the factories away from the city, thus keeping it 
healthful. As for the easterly winds that blow across 
Lake Michigan, theChicagoans are grateful to them 
for cooling the city during the hot summer days and 
nights that at some time or other between June 
and September must be the fate of all places in 
this continental interior. 

Situated in a region of almost inexhaustible 
soil, blessed with a long warm growing season and 
abundant rainfall, you are not surprised to learn 




MICHIGAN AVENUE AND THE LAKE FRONT 
Note the tracks of the lUinois Central Railroad, the raised driveway over these 
tracks, the beach, the bath house, and the pleasure boats. At the horizon is the 
line of the breakwater. 



that Chicago lies in 



one of the most productive 
valleys in the world, and has often been declared 
to be the greatest food market in the world. At 
this point there springs to your mind the thought 



io6 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

of other fertile valleys on the globe, valleys such 
as the Ganges and the Nile, that support a dense 
population. Let us see what the Mississippi Valley 
has to offer in comparison with these. Within a 
night's ride of Chicago live 40,000,000 people. 
This territory stretches from Minneapolis and St. 
Paul on the north to Nashville on the south, from 
Omaha on the west to Pittsburgh on the east, and 
it includes many large cities. The things man most 
needs are cereals, lumber, live stock, steel, copper, 
clay, fuel ; all these are found in or near the Mis- 
sissippi Valley, and by means of its navigable 
waters and level surface, transportation and travel 
have been made so easy that these many millions 
of people are able to live largely on the products 
of the land about them ; yet all of them look to the 
great central market by the Lake for the distribu- 
tion of these products. 

The center of the wheat area of the United 
States is in Iowa, four hundred miles west of Chi- 
cago. As the crop moves eastward it must pass 
through Chicago, and the city profits by this transit. 
In 1 838 seventy-eight bushels of wheat left Chicago 
for Buffalo. Seventy years later, 10,000,000 bushels 
were shipped. About one third of the corn crop 
of the country is fed to hogs, and most of these go 
to market by way of Chicago. The oat and hay 
crop are fed to live stock, and Chicago is known 
the world over as the greatest live-stock market 
and meat-packing center. In one year 9,000,000,000 



CHICAGO 



107 



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SOUTH WATER STREET 



eggs were brought to Chicago ; pineapples come in 
fourteen days from Honolulu, bananas from Cen- 
tral America, oranges from California and Florida, 
apples from Washington, Oregon, and Michigan, 
peaches and grapes from all parts of the country, 
and in the winter plums and pears from South 
Africa. So Chicago has become the great food 
distributor of a large part of the Mississippi Basin, 
and the South Water Street Market along the 
Chicago River is, as you would expect, one of the 
most interesting sights of the city. But you must 
get up early if you want to see it at its busiest. 

By this time you must have begun to realize 
that, if all the products which feed, shelter, and 



io8 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

clothe the people of the Middle West are distrib- 
uted through Chicago, it must itself be a great 
railroad terminal. It is more than this; it is 
the greatest transportation center in the world. 
Twenty-seven separate roads make a terminal of 
Chicago, and fifteen hundred passenger trains 
leave and enter daily. It is the distributing point 
to all points west, and the collecting point for 
western products to be sent east; for it lies at the 
southern terminus of a great east and west water- 
way, and at the northern terminus of an east and 
west land route. Lake Michigan, three hundred 
miles long, cuts across lines of traffic so that land 
routes are forced to center round the southern end 
of the lake. Thus routes of communication radiate 
from Chicago like the sticks of an open fan. 
Through railroads reach east to Montreal, Boston, 
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore; south to Sa- 
vannah, Atlanta, Mobile, New Orleans, Galveston; 
west to Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, 
Seattle, and Vancouver. From the port of Chi- 
cago seventeen steamship lines send vessels to all 
points between Duluth and Buffalo. When the 
harbor improvements are completed, Chicago will 
have one of the finest inland harbors in the world ; 
and the people of the Middle West, who are not 
content with doing things in any small way, have 
already begun to think about a Lakes-to-the-Gulf 
Deep Waterway which will bring tidewater to the 
shores of Lake Michioan, thus centerincr sixteen 



CHICAGO 



109 



SCALE OF MILES 



thousand miles 
of navigable 
waterways at 
the city. 

Naturally a 
city where raw 
material is so 
easy to get will 
develop manu- 
facturing. Meat 
packing is Chi- 
cago's greatest 
local industry, 
though others 
are not far be- 
hind. In the 
stock yards cat- 
tle and hogs are 
killed, meat pre- 
pared, and by- 
products (lard, 
butterine, gela- 
tine, ammonia, 
soap, glycerine, 
candles, glue, 
fertilizers, and 
knife handles) 
made. 

The McCor- 
mick Harvesting Machine Company is the largest 




THE CITY OF CHICAGO 

The principal railroads entering Chicago are : the 
New York Central ; the Pennsylvania ; the Illinois 
Central; the Chicago and Northwestern ; the Chi- 
cago, Burlington, and Ouincy ; the Michigan Cen- 
tral ; the Wabash ; the Lake Shore and Michigan 
Southern, 



no REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

concern in the world making farming implements. 
The iron, steel, and lumber out of which these 
machines are made is right at hand, and near by 
are the level prairies where these reaping and 
harvestino- machines are needed. In South Chi- 
cao^o are immense mills where steel from Lake 
Superior iron ore is rolled into rails, wire, and 
girders. The PuHman Company makes sleeping, 
dining, and parlor cars ; indeed, one cannot travel 
anywhere about the United States without using 
some product of the Chicago factories to speed 
him on his way. Chicago is one of the largest 
lumber markets in the world, manufacturing fur- 
niture, wagons, barrels, cars, musical instruments, 
etc. It has large breweries, makes railway sup- 
plies, prints books, and makes clothing. It does 
all these things because it can lay its hand on all 
kinds of raw materials brought by rail and water. 
The little Chicago River, which divides the city 
into three natural divisions, is a giant in commerce, 
the tonnage of its yearly trade being greater than 
that of the Suez Canal. Grain elevators, coal and 
lumber yards, grimy warehouses and factories 
line its banks, and it is crossed by numerous 
bridges. It is not a pretty river, but if you enjoy 
seeing life and movement you would do well to 
stand near one of the curious "lift" bridges and 
watch the ceaseless traffic passing across it or up 
and down the surface of the dark waters. Into 
this busy hive of industry come workers from the 



CHICAGO 



III 




ends of the earth, drawn here by the opportunity 
to earn a Hving. As the level prairie sets no limit 
to the extent of the city, one of the big problems 
Chicago is try- 
ing to solve is, 
hovvtoget these 
workers from 
home to shop 
and back again. 
In one way 
Chicago is un- 
like any other 
big city of the 
world; it has no 
ancient history. 
Its birthday as a 
city is March 4, 
1837, an infant 
among the cities. Peking was built by Kublai 
Khan, Emperor of China, in 1267 a.d., Rome 
was founded 750 B.C., and London was already 
a place of some importance when the Romans 
invaded England in 61 a.d., yet Chicago is 
larger than all of these except London. It can 
truly be said to be " The Wonder of the Age," 
perhaps the most expressive of all its nicknames. 
Not yet one hundred years old, it is now the sec- 
ond city of the United States and stands fourth 
in population among the cities of the world. It 
rose as if by magic from the mud of a prairie 



Courtesy, b'trauas liaacule liridge Co. 



A "JACK-KNIFE" BRmCE ACROSS THE 
CHICAGO RIVER 

This bridge is lifted to allow a boat to pass through. 
Traffic on the street must wait until the bridge is 
lowered. Note the closed bridge in the distance. 



112 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



creek. In 1830 a gentleman said, " We crossed 
the Chicago River by means of a grapevine cable 
stretched across it." In 1848 the streets were 
country roads, and a mud hole deeper than usual 
was marked by a signboard, " No bottom, the 
shortest road to China." An old hat resting on the 
surface of the mud, where its owner had last been 
seen, with the placard " Man Lost," was a familiar 
warning where not to go. In 1823 Chicago. had 
seventy-five inhabitants ; in 1910, 2,185,283. In 




Courtesy, Chicayo Historical Society. 

CHICAGO IN 1831 
From a contemporary sketch made by the wife of one of the earliest settlers. 



1836 its exports were valued at $1000; in 191 1, 
they were worth over $7,000,000. In 1836 its im- 
ports were valued at $325,000; in 1907, at over 
$30,000,000. These facts are astonishing, they 
are true of no other city in the world, yet there 
are many people who believe that another century 
will show an equally remarkable growth. At the 



CHICAGO 



"3 



1 



MICHIGAN AVENUE AND GRANT PARK 

This beautiful street follows the shore of Lake Michigan. 

time Chicago received its charter, there were only 
three States west of the Mississippi, and no rail- 
roads west of Pennsylvania. When you compare 
this with a railroad map of the present trunk lines 
radiating from Chicago, you cease to wonder at the 
number of steel mills and railway supply shops 
that are to be found all over the Middle West. 

Chicago was the first city to elect a woman as its 
Superintendent of Schools. You gather from this 
that the people of the city are not afraid to under- 
take things that have never been done before. 
They have built a Drainage Canal from Lake 
Michigan to the Mississippi River, costing ^35,- 
000,000, which carries the sewage away from Lake 



114 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



Michigan, the source of the city's water supply. 
This canal may in the future be used for trans- 
portation as well. Chicago has the largest depart- 
ment store in the world ; its employees, numbering 
9000, would make a good-sized town ; so you see 
it is the shopping center of the Middle West as 
well as its market. 

Of the people that make up this teeming city 
there are English, Irish, Greeks, Syrians, Germans, 

Dutch, Russians, 
Poles, Italians, 
Swiss, French, 
Chinese, Scan- 
dinavians, Bohe- 
mians, and col- 
ored people. For 
these people 
daily newspapers 
are published in 
many languages, 
and at Hull House men and women, boys and 
girls, of every race and creed and color, meet to- 
gether to play, to dance, or to study, and to learn 
that they are "brothers and sisters all " under our 
American flag. 

Mr. James J. Hill, the builder of the Great 
Northern Railroad, says: " When the Pacific Coast 
States shall have a population of 20,000,000, as 
they will, then Chicago will be the largest city in 
the world." Its citizens, looking ahead to this day, 




LAKE SHORE DRIVE 
One of the many boulevards. 



CHICAGO 115 

are now planning to make it one of the most beau- 
tiful, healthful, and delightful cities of our land. 
Paris has been made the most beautiful city of 
Europe by the wisdom and genius of its people. 
Chicago is working toward this ideal. 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. On the map of the United States in your geography text- 
book measure the distance from Chicago to Omaha. Lay 
off this distance on a sb'p of paper. Using this distance 
as a radius, draw a circle on the map with Chicago as the 
center. If you have a pencil compass, this will be easy; 
if not, use pencil and a string the proper length. How 
many large cities do you find on the map included in this 
circle ? Name them. 

2. Draw this circle in color on an outline map of the United 
States. Print names of States included, and names of chief 
cities. Give this exercise an appropriate title. 

3. Why could the area within this circle be rightly called the 
hinterland of Chicago ? 

4. What lake and what river does the Chicago Drainage 
Canal connect ? This canal makes Chicago belong to 
what two river systems ? 

5. Name and locate the canals in the vicinity of the Great 
Lakes. Tell what bodies of w^ater each connects and the 
importance of each. 

6. What difficulties does so winding a river as the Missis- 
sippi present to the making of a Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep 
Waterway ? Show how important such a waterway might 
become after the opening of the Panama Canal. 

7. Name and locate the cities between Chicago and the Gulf 
of Mexico which would be important points on such a 
waterway. Locate these cities and this waterway on an 
outline map of the United States. 

S. What is a grain elevator ? Where are they located in Chi- 



ii6 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

cago ? Explain as much in detail as you can how the stor- 
age and shipment of wheat adds to the business and pop- 
ulation of Chicago. 
9. Does the place you live in export any manufactures or raw 
material ? What articles are brought into your home local- 
ity? Which are of greater value in the course of a year, 
the exports or the imports? (Make inquiries of the Board 
of Trade or of a leading merchant.) How was this in Chi- 
cago in 1836 ? In 1907 ? How do the exports and imports 
of the United States compare in value? (Consult the tables 
of " Exports and Imports," Appendix, page 206.) 

10. On a map of the United States measure the distance from 
Chicago to New York ; from Chicago to New Orleans. 
Traveling forty-five miles an hour, how long would it take 
to make these journeys? Compare these distances with 
that between Bombay and Calcutta (overland) ; London 
and Constantinople ; Denver and San Francisco. 

11. Which is the longest of all the distances in Exercise 10? 
The shortest ? 

12. On a map of the United States trace the route from your 
home to Chicago. How long does it take to make the 
journey? What would you like best to see in Chicago? 

13. Study the picture of the South Water Street Market. 
What problems of transportation does such a market 
present to a city ? Is there a central market in the place 
you live in ? 

14. Write all the reasons you can why Chicago is the greatest 
food market in the world. 

15. What is a by-product ? How many by-products of the stock 
yards are mentioned in this chapter ? Look in the chapter 
on Savannah and find out what vegetable by-products are 
taking the place of these animal products. 

16. Why should the largest furniture factories be located in 
the Middle West ? The largest factories for making har- 
vesting machines ? The largest stock yards ? 

17. What foreign countries probably use the McCormick 
harvesting machines ? Write a letter of inquiry about this 



CHICAGO 117 

to the McCormick Harvesting Machine Connpany in Chi- 
cago. Do you think India uses these machines ? Russia ? 
Spain ? 
iS. Where does Chicago get the iron for her steel ? The coke ? 
Why should there be a big demand for steel rails, steel 
girders, and bridge work in the Middle West ? Examine 
the picture of the open bridge across the Chicago River. 
Tell how this river serves the city. 

19. At what points do you imagine the Mississippi is bridged ? 
Why ? 

20. What foreign countries supply workers for Chicago's fac- 
tories and mills ? Point out each of these countries on the 
map. From what ports of Europe is it probable that these 
emigrants sailed ? 

21. Is there any foreign population in your home locality .? If 
so, find out what these people are doing for your town. 
How do our public schools help to make American citi- 
zens out of these foreigners ? 

22. Use your history textbook and find out which were the 
three States west of the Mississippi when Chicago received 
its charter. How many States now west of the Missis- 
sippi ? Name and point to them on the map. 

23 How much did it cost Chicago to get pure drinking water .? 
Where does the water you drink come from ? 

24. The stock yards employ about 6000 workers, and the Mar- 
shall Field Department Store about 9000. How do these 
figures compare with the population of your home town 
or city? 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. Name the four largest cities of the world. Write a para- 
graph about each, comparing them as to age, size, loca- 
tion, people, importance, points of interest. 

2. Name and locate two lake cities in Europe, one in Asia, 
and one in Africa. Try to find out which of these are on 
lines of railroad. Tell how such a location adds to the 
beauty and pleasure of city life. 



PITTSBURGH, THE WORLD'S 
WORKSHOP 

UNLIKE most cities of the United States, 
Pittsburgh — the burgh or city of Pitt — 
began as a fort. This fort guarded a gate- 
way to which there were two main avenues of 
approach, one from the north, the other from the 
south. Once inside the gate, the two roads melted 
into one broad highway which led westward to a 
vast country, where riches lay hidden in the rocks 
and soil, where numberless rivers invited to easy 
travel, and where the climate made for a pleasant 
life. We do not wonder that ambitious nations 
quarreled over the possession of this gate, for who- 
ever held it controlled a highway of a thousand 
miles leading to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlan- 
tic. Can you name the highroad and the two smaller 
waterways whose junction forms the " Point" on 
which the fort was built. f^ What flags have waved 
over this debatable ground, and when was the war- 
like name of /"^r/ changed to the peaceful burgh, or 
city 1 Little is left in Pittsburgh to-day to remind us 
of the bloody struggle of colonial times. At the tip 
of the Point, in the center of a tiny green square, 
is a small six-sided blockhouse built in 1764 to 
protect the early settlers from the hostile Indians. 
It stands, with its stout oak timbers and massive 



PITTSBURGH 



119 




stone foundation, a little shrine of patriotism in 
the heart of a workaday world, almost as hard to 
find as a needle in a haystack, it is so surrounded 
by freight yards and warehouses. 

In the years that immediately followed the close 
of the Revolution, multitudes came from the East 
to the " Gateway of 
the West," but few 
settled there ; they 
were either bound 
for the " Land of 
Promise " that lay 
farther west, or they 
were traders with an 
eye on New Orleans 
and its sugar, cotton, 
and molasses, for 

which there was in the North an ever-increasing 
demand. The coal and iron that was to make 
Pittsburgh the " Workshop of the World " lay 
practically untouched in the hills which surround 
the city, so the chief importance of the little set- 
tlement was as a break in transportation. Those 
who came by the Allegheny or the Monongahela 
River had to chancre their caro^oes to heavier 
barges or scows before shipping through the gate 
on the broad Ohio, and the emigrants, w^ho had 
pushed their way over the mountains along rough 
roads on horseback or in wagons, found it con- 
venient to rest here before embarking on the 



THE BLOCK HOUSE ON 

POINT" 



THE 



20 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



easier stretch of their journey. Sometimes the 
rush of travel was so great that they must wait 
for boats to be built to take them down the river; 
in the mean time they laid in provisions and other 
necessaries for the journey. Gradually the settle- 
ment became a trading center, the principal depot 
of supplies on the great highway from East to 
West. This was the second stage of Pittsburgh, 
and the reason for the growth of the trade center 

was the same as 
that which led 
to the building 
of the fort. " I 
think it ex- 
tremely well sit- 
uated for a fort, 
as it has abso- 
lute command 
of both rivers," 
said Washing- 
ton in I 753, and 
time has proved 
that the judg- 
ment of the 




PITTSBURGH AND THE NEIGHBORING 

TOWNS 
The principal railroads entering Pittsburgh are : the 
Pennsylvania; the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie; the 
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis ; 
the Baltimore and Ohio; the Wabash. 



young surveyor 
was correct. 



Here the Alle- 
gheny River with its tributaries, draining the north- 
western slope of the Alleghany plateau, unites with 
the Monongahela from the southwestern slope. 



PITTSBURGH 



121 



The Indian trails that followed the river valleys 
and the colonial roads that zigzagged over the 
Appalachian Mountains met here, and in the crotch 



I 









WH 




^ll^i^ pai^f '- '''^'-" 






^^ ^-^Mlf^^tM 


m 




IBBi^Sfec..i^«^g<iiBg''^^*!%j4*^^ffflBK5^ 


i,;--JI 


^^n^H| 






:. '^^l 


• 


%:- 


^^^■fc, ^ 



AN INTERIOR OF A STEEL PLANT 

of the Y formed by the rivers, the fort was built, 
the trading center grew, and here to-day throbs 
the heart of the busy manufacturing center which 
forms the Greater Pittsburgh of to-da}^ 

If you will look in your geography textbook for 
a map of the world showing the density of popu- 
lation, you will see that the most thickly peopled 
areas are in fertile valleys, where the climate is 
good and routes of travel are easy. Some of the 
oldest civilizations once lived and still flourish in 
these valleys. This is because in such localities 
the three necessities of life — food, shelter, cloth- 
ing — are easily obtained. But though the Ohio 



122 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



and its tributaries have these requisites for attract- 
ing and supporting a large population, Pittsburgh 
has something more, else it would never have 
outgrown in importance the " little Pittsburghs " 
which are scattered along the converging valleys. 
Pittsburgh is the " capital of the iron world " 
because it possesses inexhaustible resources and 




PITTSBURGH, SHOWING "THE POINT" 
Study this view and the one opposite in connection with the map on page 120. 

remarkable transportation facilities. Mr. Andrew 
Carnegie has said that it is the best distributing 
center in the United States. It is these advan- 
tages of location which make it possible for Pitts- 
burgh not only to lay its hand on varied raw ma- 
terials, but to send its manufactured products all 
over the world, so that one may rightly say the 
world is the market of the city. 



PITTSBURGH 



123 



I 



In the first place, all the railroads run down the 
streams, and all the streams finally meet in the 
Ohio. This is a great advantage when you remem- 
ber that the country around Pittsburgh is furrowed 
by deep steep-sided valleys, across which railroads 
can be built and run only at great expense. In the 
hills which flank these valleys are enormous veins 




PITTSBURGH, THE SECTION INCLUDING "THE HUMP" 
" The Hump " is shown in the distance, at the extreme right. 

of bituminous coal which is easily mined. In many 
of the valleys is the limestone so necessary in the 
making of iron ; and up the Monongahela lies a 
deposit of coking coal, which is made into coke at 
Connellsville and used in the manufacture of steel. 
Iron is also found in the rocks of western Penn- 
sylvania. Pittsburgh, therefore, had to be an iron 
center, though its supply of ore no longer comes 



124 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

from Pennsylvania, for its nearness to the Great 
Lakes and the ease and quickness of transporta- 
tion on these waters make it possible to bring ore 
from the Lake Superior iron mines more easily 
and cheaply than it can be dug from the mines in 
the home locality. During the navigation season 
a continuous stream of ore slides down our great 
inland waterway to the roaring blast furnaces of 
the " Smoky City." At Conneaut and Ashtabula 
it leaves the ore boats and is transferred by ma- 
chinery to cars, which are hauled rapidly down and 
across the Allegheny Valley to Homestead, Brad- 
dock, Duquesne, and the smelters and factories 
of the " Little Pittsburghs " along the way. From 
this great distributing center the finished product 
radiates north, south, east, and west. The " Gate- 
way of the West " has become the " Workshop of 
the World"; for this is the Ao-e of Steel. Ourbie 
cities must be built of fireproof material, so Pitts- 
burgh makes steel beams and girders, and bolts to 
rivet them together. Steel rails and locomotives 
from Pittsburgh are used in Japan and China, and 
steel dining-cars, provided with air-brakes and 
window-glass, made in Pittsburgh, carry passen- 
gers over steel bridges made in the "Iron City." 
Pipes for the new aqueducts of New York and 
Los Angeles are being made in Pittsburgh, and 
massive castings for Panama, pier work for the 
Cireat Lakes, as well as miles of telegraph wire 
and myriads of lamp chimneys and bottles form 



PITTSBURGH 125 

part of the freight that leaves the city daily. Pitts- 
burgh armor plate encases our battleships, and 
not far from the city are the Westinghouse Com- 
panies that supply the world with electrical appa- 
ratus, switches, and signals. These industries are 
controlled by men of energy and forethought, who 
do their planning in the superb towering office 
buildings on that " Point" which a hundred and 
twenty-five years ago was described as follows: 
" Pittsburgh is inhabited by Scots and Irish who 
live in paltry log houses. The place, I believe, will 
never be very considerable." 

But the tale of what Nature has done for Pitts- 
burgh is not yet all told. Perhaps you have thought 
it curious that so brittle a substance as glass should 
be made in the " Iron City." There are two geo- 
graphical reasons for this. In the valleys of west- 
ern Pennsylvania and West Virginia lie beds of 
sand suitable for making glass. The presence of 
this sand so near to cheap fuel led to much expe- 
rimenting in glass-making early in the history of 
the city. After repeated failures, General O'Hara, 
one of the founders of the first glass factory, made 
the statement, "To-day we made the first bottle at 
a cost of $30,000." About twenty-five years ago 
it was found that the supply of natural gas which 
had been used for lighting the city was abundant 
enough to use for manufacturing purposes. Since 
then glass-making has " boomed," until Pittsburgh 
leads the world in the production of plate glass, 



126 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

makes 70,000 tons of pressed glass, and so many 
lamp chimneys that the product of one year if 
placed end to end would reach halfway around the 
globe. Strange to say, the city that turns out the 
heavy steel bridges that bear us safely over deep 
waters makes another product that floats us on the 
surface of these waters. The largest cork factory 
in the world is located here, one firm in Pittsburgh 
owning large cork-oak forests in Spain and Portu- 
gal, and making corks, life-preservers, mats, soles, 
and floor coverings. 

Many factories use a third fuel that is found in 
the apparently inexhaustible rocks of the Alle- 
ghany plateau, namely, oil. This like the gas is 
piped from the wells to the factory. Naturally 
Pittsburgh makes all kinds of apparatus for drill- 
ing oil and gas wells, finding a demand for this 
machinery in every oil and gas field in the United 
States, and in every foreign country where oil has 
been discovered. 

The weight of all the freight that passes in and 
out of a city is called its " tonnage " ; that of Pitts- 
burgh, however, is not made up entirely of the raw 
material passing into the city and the manufactured 
articles passing out. There is another item of ex- 
port, which added to all the rest makes the ton- 
nage of Pittsburo^h three times as orreat as that of 
New York and Chicago, twice that of London, and 
four times that of Paris. This item is coal. Flat- 
boats and barges, each holding from 12,000 to 14,000 



PITTSBURGH 



127 




A FLEET OF COAL BARGES ON THE MONONGAHELA RIVER 
Note the height of the plateau into which the river has cut its valley. 

bushels, are built into a compact mass and pushed 
by staunch steamers down the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi to New Orleans and to towns along the 
South. One sudi steamer has taken a load of coal 
down the Ohio which could not have been put 
on a train eleven miles long. When the river is 
low the coal traffic is tied up waiting for " barge 
water" ; but after spring freshets or heavy rains an 
endless procession of coal flotillas steams down 
the river, and it is possible when this traffic is at 
its busiest to cross the river by stepping from 
barge to barge. It is Pittsburgh coal that runs the 
cotton gins and presses of Tennessee and the 
sugar mills and refineries of Louisiana, that roasts 
the coffee in New Orleans, and goes as ballast to 
the fruit ports of Central America. The following 



128 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

clipping from the New York Times shows how 
important this coal traffic is to the country at 
large. 

BIGGEST COAL 

SHIPMENT 

8,000,000 Bushels on Way Down 

River from Pittsburgh 

District 

Pittsburgh, Aug. 30. — The larg- 
est coal shipment in the history of the 
Pittsburgh District and the Ohio 
River is under way bound for Cin- 
cinnati, Louisville, and New Orleans. 
The shipment aggregates 8,000,000 
bushels. 

On account of recent excessive rains 
the rivers are rising rapidly at all 
points. At a number of places a small 
flood stage is anticipated within a 
short time. 

Upward of 1500 rivermen are em- 
ployed in order to get the big fleets 
away, while several thousand coal 
miners, employed by river coal com- 
panies are assured steady work for 
many months to come. 

Pittsburgh has one of the most picturesque city 
sites in the world. This can be best appreciated 
by ascending the heights of Mount Washington 
across the Monongahela. Cable cars, one of the 
novel "sights" of the city, will pull you up the 
steep incline, where from its brow you will look 
down on a scene of absorbing interest. This is 



PITTSBURGH 129 

what a recent writer has said about it: "The 
Point of Pittsburgh presents often an inspiring 
picture. At night when the winds are driving the 
smoke away, the great city lies in light like a 
beautiful battleship at anchor; two tides rush 
silently together at the tip of the sharp dark prow ; 
high upon lofty buildings twinkle the lights on 
the 'bridge '; and far up in the blue dome on the 
summit of the hill glimmer the lights at the head 
of the mast; over it all, now and again, the fire 
flames from Braddock and Homestead flash out 




Copyright, R. W. Johntton. 

THE CARNEGIE TECHNICAL SCHOOLS 



as though the fire boxes under a thousand boilers 
had been opened or a hundred broadsides had 
been suddenly unmasked.'" 

The hills and rivers which give the city its 

1 A. B. Hulbert, in T/ie Ohio River. 



I30 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

beauty present great obstacles, which have not all 
been conquered as yet. Into the small triangular 
area known as the " Point " is crowded the busi- 
ness of a big manufacturing center. Trolley lines, 
railroads, and bridges converge here, for back of 
the "Point" rises the " Hump," and beyond are 
more hills given over to residences, parks, churches, 
the splendid Carnegie Museum, Library, and Tech- 
nical Schools, the University and numerous play- 
grounds. 

When we say " Pittsburgh," we mean the Pitts- 
burgh district, for we cannot separate from the city 
the busy workshops along the rivers, all of which 
depend upon the city at the river forks. Mills and 
blast furnaces lie on both sides of the Mononga- 
hela, making a continuous line of steel towns, — 
Homestead, Braddock, Duquesne, and others, — 
all turning out one or more of the products you 
have read about in this chapter. These are not 
pretty towns ; the hills rise abruptly three hundred 
feet above the river, making a poor foothold for 
the homes of those who must live near their work. 
Smoke hangs over the valley, and dust from the 
soft coal and the bare hillsides sifts over trees and 
houses, over ugly yards and streets. But this will 
not always be so. Pittsburgh itself is not the 
"Smoky City" it used to be, and already there 
are some bright, pretty spots in the other factory 
towns. We shall learn by and by to get rid of the 
smoke, to clean the streets, to plant trees, to build 



PITTSBURGH 131 

prettier houses, and to insist on more healthful 
surroundings for those who work in mill and shop. 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. Tell the story of the struggle for the possession of the 
Gateway of the West. Look up additional facts in your 
history textbook, and as you tell the story bring out the 
geographical reasons for the importance of this Gateway. 

2. Hunt on your maps for the ending burgh or burg. What 
does it mean? What is a burgher? A burgomaster? In 
what country is Edinburgh ? 

3. Describe the three stages of Pittsburgh's growth ; as a 
fort, a trading center, a manufacturing city. Tell how it 
grew from one to the other. Write this for your weekly 
composition and illustrate it by drawing a picture of the 
old block-house or by a map showing the location of the 
city. 

4. Draw a sketch map or plan showing the location of Pitts- 
burgh and the " little Pittsburghs." Print names of rivers 
and towns neatly. 

5. On map drawn in Exercise 4, place the meridian of Pitts- 
burgh. What other city of the United States is on the 
same meridian ? In what direction from Pittsburgh is 
Panama? When it is noon at Pittsburgh, what time will 
it be at Panama'? At Charleston ? At all places on that 
meridian ? 

6. On an outline map of the United States, draw the route 
of iron ore from the mines in Minnesota to the blast fur- 
naces at Braddock. Print the names of the lakes and the 
States bordering each ; also the chief shipping ports. 

7. On the map used in Exercise 6, draw the route of the 
coal barges from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. Print neatly 
the names of the cities where coal is distributed. Print 
also the name of each State passed on this route. 



132 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

8. Make a list of the things manufactured in Pittsburgh ; 
add to the list given in this chapter if possible. 

9. Give all the nicknames of Pittsburgh. Explain each. 

10. Examine the views of the city on pages 122 and 123. 
Why are the buildings so tall and so crowded together in 
the business section ? In what other city are the conditions 
similar? 

11. During what months is the coal traffic on the Ohio likely 
to be very active ? In what season must the iron mines 
in the Mesaba ranges shut down ? When is all traffic on 
the Great Lakes suspended ? What industries can you 
name that are dependent on change of season ? Is there 
any industry in your home locality thus dependent.'* 

12. Is there any association in the place where you live for 
making the place more beautiful ? What is being done ? 
What can school-children do toward this end ? 

13. On an outline map of North America draw the route of 
oil machinery from Pittsburgh to the oil fields of south- 
ern California. Do you thmk it likely it will go by the 
Tehuantepec route or overland ? What port in southern 
California is the nearest to the oil fields of California? 

14. What nationalities labor in this " Workshop of the World "? 
If they are to become good Americans, how must they be 
taught to live ? Is there any foreign population in the 
place where you live ? If so, what nationalities are there ? 
Why are they there ? 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW^ 

1. Compare the location of Pittsburgh with that of Birming- 
ham and Sheffield in England, Glasgow in Scotland, 
Essen in Germany, and Philadelphia. Why have all these 
cities developed iron and steel manufactures ? Which city 
is farthest from supplies of iron ore ? 

2. Why is Birmingham, Alabama, called " The Pittsburgh 
of the South " ? 



PITTSBURGH 



133 



Consult the "Rules governing the Location of Cities" 
(Appendix, page 203) and learn those which apply best 
to the development of Pittsburgh. 

Find a fertile valley in each continent which is densely 
populated. Name a city in each of these valleys. Arrange 
your results in the following manner : — 



Soitie Densely Populated Valleys of the World 


Valley 


City 


Country 


Ganges 


Delhi 


India 



I 



GARY 



E live in an age when it takes a great 



Wdeal to astonish us. We see a desert 
made to bloom like a garden, we travel 
from place to place in tubes under the ground, and 
we fasten wings unconcernedly on our backs and 
fly over land and sea. In spite of all this, the story 
of Gary will astonish even you, growing up in this 
wonder-working century ; the more so, if you will 
look back along the vanishing ages at the brief 
record of a famous town which grew the way most 
towns and cities in the past have grown, without 
much forethought, through sad mistakes, by re- 
peated destructions and rebuildings. As we of to- 
day, in city-building as well as in other ways, are 
profiting by the mistakes of the past, this brief 
glimpse into the history of an old city will help 
you better to appreciate the marvels of the new. 

Many hundred years ago some Roman soldiers 
built a fort on a river-bank at a place where the 
stream could be easily crossed. They built a wall 
around it and threw a bridge across the river, and 
stayed there four hundred years. The fort grew 
into a walled town of importance, a market-place 
and some temples were erected; then the Romans 
left the city, and it fell into the hands of foreign 
peoples, first one, then another. Two hundred 



GARY 



135 



years pass. The walled town has become a trad- 
ing center, slaves are bought and sold in its mar- 
ket, a mint supplies the people with coin for trad- 
ing, and there are churches for them to pray in. 
Houses are of wood 
with roofs of straw, 
and they are hud- 
dled together for 
protection. After 
several hundred 
years the town is 
besieged, and the 
conquerors put up 
a mighty fortress 
with a great square 
tower to show how 
strong they are. 
Streets are narrow 
and crooked ; they 
are little used ex- 
cept as places for 
refuse, waste from 
the houses being 
poured into them, 
watermen are the 




Courtesy, The i^urvfu. yew York. 

GARY'S FIRST RAILROAD STATION 
THE NEW UNION STATION 



The river is the highway, the 
cabmen. Water for household 
use is brought round by water bearers to the doors. 
Three hundred years pass. Many times during 
these centuries parts of the town are burned, and 
there are dreadful plagues because the place is 
so dirty and ill-smelling. The city government 



136 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

issues an order that no more houses can be built 
with thatched roofs, and the magistrates obtain 
the right to bring good water into the city in 
leaden pipes. Streets are still unpaved and in rainy 
weather are almost impassable. Again there is 
a lapse of several hundred years and then an act 
is passed providing for the city to be sewered. 
One hundred years pass. The king orders the 
streets around the market to be paved, and citi- 
zens are required to hang lighted candles out of 
their houses on dark nights. Sixty years pass. A 
water company is organized to bring water from 
a distance and to build a reservoir, and public 
lights are put up in the streets. A hundred years 
go by. The Roman wall by this time has disap- 
peared, and neighboring towns have become part 
of the expanding city. Streets are paved and 
sewered and lighted by gas. Another hundred years 
pass, bringing the story to the present century. 
In this slow way the old city of London has grown 
into the London of the present, the largest city in 
the world. Many bridges carry people across the 
river, but old London Bridge is the most traveled 
of them all. There are palaces and art galleries, 
brilliantly lighted streets and extensive parks. 
Amid all this modern life a much-treasured frag- 
ment of the Roman wall remains to tell of the city's 
ancient origin and of its many destructions, but 
there is no record of what it has cost in human 
lives to teach men how to live in cities. 



GARY 



137 



The story of Gary is not like this. Gary did not 
grow, it sprang full-fledged into existence. One 
day in the year 1906, a magician went to a waste 
and dreary place where sand lay in shifting heaps 
and sluggish streams crept through marshes to the 
lake, and waving his wand over the sand and the 
marsh and the scrub-oak, said, " We will build a city 
— here!" And behold, in three years 15,000 peo- 
ple were living in nice little homes, on broad 
paved streets, pro- 
vided with electric 
lights, pure water, 
good schools, and 
many other things 
which go to make 
up city life nowa- 
days. 

But who was ^:he 
magician and what 
sort of town did he 
build.? Why did he 
choose so unlikely 
a spot and think 
anyone would want to live there? Are there not 
cities enough already on our central prairies .f^ 
These questions, which you are quite ready to 
ask, you can answer yourselves before long, per- 
haps before you reach the end of this chapter. 

In your study of Pittsburgh you learned some- 
thing of the great demand there is in all modern 




GARY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS 

The principal railroads entering Gary are : 
the Baltimore and Ohio, the Lake Shore and 
Michigan Southern, the Michigan Central, 
the Pennsylvania, the Wabash. 



138 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

countries for iron and steel products. Though the 
steel mills of Pittsburgh, as well as those in Beth- 
lehem, Birmingham, and Chicago, often work night 
and day, it became evident some years ago that 
the growing needs of the future could be met only 
by creating a new steel center. Where should it 
be located and who should build it ? Not one man 
alone. The day has gone by when one man can 
build a great industrial plant such as this would 
have to be, and run it himself. The mills and fac- 
tories that supply the world with foodstuffs, cloth- 
ing, and building materials are built and carried 
on by many men, united into business organiza- 
tions in order to manufacture on a larger scale and 
more efficiently than was done a hundred years 
ago. It was such a body of men, called the United 
States Steel Corporation, that undertook to create 
not only the most perfect steel plant in the world, 
but at the same time to provide homes for those 
connected with the industry, and to do this in a 
way and on a scale unparalleled in history. 

They chose for their purpose a tract of waste 
land in Indiana on Lake Michigan, twenty-five 
miles southeast of Chicago. It had great advan- 
tages so far as location was concerned. It was 
nearer than Pittsburgh to the Lake Superior iron 
ores, and the railroads which hugged the shore 
of the lake ran conveniently near the limestone of 
Michigan and Virginia, the coke of the Alleghan- 
ies, and the coal of Illinois. From this center of 



I 



GARY 139 

transportation facilities, the manufactured steel 
product could be shipped in all directions ; more- 
over, there was plenty of room for growth, and the 
plans of this corporation looked forward to a great 
future. 

After the spot was selected, the magician's work 
began. There was no possible harbor where ore 
boats could land, much less turn around and go 
back, only a long straight beach backed by sand 
dunes which the winds chased this way and that. 
But this was no obstacle ; the magician merely 
waved his wand, and a harbor was made. Out of 
the waters of Lake Michigan there grew up a long 
sea wall to break the force of the winds for which 
the lake is famous ; a ship canal was extended into 
the land and made to end in a turning basin where 
half a dozen 12,000-ton ore boats can turn easily 
around; the Calumet River, which ran its sluggish 
course parallel to the lake, was lifted up and put 
into a new channel dug for it; and as if all this 
were not enough to show that a wizard was at 
work, three railroads which lay in the way of the 
proposed mills were taken up bodily and laid down 
again back from the lake front. While this was 
going on, steam shovels were leveling the hills and 
filling up hollows, and surveyors were laying out 
streets. Then a tunnel was due: far out under the 
lake for a supply of pure water ; conduits for gas 
and electric lights were laid alongside sewers and 
water mains; streets were paved; an old trail in the 



I40 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



woods became Broadway, one hundred feet wide 
and four miles long ; trees were transplanted and 
parks set aside; schools, hotels, homes, shops, 




THE BLAST FURNACES 
The canal leads from Lake Michigan into the turning basin. 



banks, and churches were built; the town was 
christened after the chief of all the magicians — 
and Gary was born. 

It is no wonder that visitors come from all parts 
of the world to view this " Wonder City " of the 
twentieth century ; yet, though the clean, pretty 
town, with its sunny skies, so different from most 
steel towns, wins its share of admiration, it is in 
the construction of the steel works that the hio-h- 
est skill and power have been shown. It may seem 
strange to you to learn that while millions were 
spent on achieving these wonderful results, the 
keynote of all the work done has been economy — 



GARY 



141 



to do everything the best way from the start, to 
let nothing go to waste. Engineers have known 
for a long time that the gas and smoke that pour 




THE ORE DOCKS 
Note the machinery for unloading the ore from the boats. 



from the chimneys of most factories represent so 
much power going to waste, for gas can be made 
to give out both light and heat, and smoke con- 
sists of tiny particles of coal that has been imper- 
fectly burned. In the process of smelting iron ore, 
that is, changing it to iron, the gases that are 
formed in the blast furnaces are generally allowed 
to escape with the smoke at the top of the furnace. 
Perhaps you have sometimes seen the splendid 
fireworks which these furnaces display at night, and 
wished that there were more of them. The build- 
ers of the Gary mills planned to introduce a new 
feature; they would use all these valuable by- 



142 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



products; in this way their mills would be run more 
economically, and they would get rid of the smoke. 
So by the side of the blast furnaces they installed 
machinery for cleaning the gas and leading it to a 
power house where it operates blowing engines, 
which in turn provide practically all the electrical 




OPEN HEARTH FURNACES 
.Where pig iron is converted into steel. 

power required for running the machinery of the 
mills. No one can realize what this tremendous 
power means who has not stood in a rolling mill 
and watched the ponderous machines moving 
swiftly back and forth, rolling and stretching the 
glowing steel ingot into rails as easily as you would 
mold a lump of clay. 

It seems as if these machines were possessed of 




GARY 



143 



human intelligence, — just the touch of a lever 
here, the pulling of a crank there, and the work is 
done. It is just the same in every department of 
this industrial beehive. Down at the lake front 
what seems like a Herculean task is performed 
with speed and precision. A great ore boat from 
Duluth has just swung into the quiet reach behind 
the breakwater and is making for the canal. It 
will move alongside a huge concrete basin where 
ore is stacked. As soon as it is made fast, big 
steel buckets 
will grab the ore 
from the ship's 
hold and deliver 
it to cars, from 
which it will be 
fed to the furn- 
aces or dropped 
on to the stack 
pile. When the 
boat has been 
emptied, it will 

swing round in the turning basin and steam back 
to the long piers at Duluth, passing on its way 
many of its sister boats making for the waiting 
furnaces it has just left. 

To the right of the canal lies the deep pit in 
which are the coke ovens. The wise men who 
thought out all these details wanted to have these 
steel works complete in themselves; so coke is 




Courtesi/, The Surieii. A.< it 

ONE OF THE SPLENDID GRAMMAR 
SCHOOLS IN GARY 



144 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

made on the spot instead of being brought from 
western Pennsylvania. The gas driven out of the 
bituminous coal by the baking process which 
changes it to coke is used not only to heat the 
ovens, but also to run the engines for the electric 
lighting plant of the town. How^ wonderfully every 
detail has been planned for and executed ! It would 
require many visits to such a plant as this to in- 
spect its many industries. 

Naturally many manufactures allied to steel- 
making have come to Gary to share in the advan- 
tages of its location and development. There is a 
company for making locomotives, one for making 
car couplers, a tin plate company, the American 
Bridge Company, and near by the largest cement 
works in the country. There seems to be no end 
to the industries that may develop in this favored 
spot. Of course, the opportunity for varied kinds 
of work draws w^orkers from many countries ; their 
needs must all be provided for in the town and 
suburbs of Gary, and their children will be taught 
in the Gary schools to become possibly more 
skilled than their fathers. 

Will you dare to look ahead and prophesy that 
Gary will still be on the map when it is as old as 
London now is } Will the iron mines in the North- 
west continue to yield as long as this? What will 
become of Gary when the iron has all been made 
into steel ? No one knows. By that time this story 
will have become ancient history; but even so. 



GARY 145 

the wonder of its accomplishment will remain as 
marvelous as ever. 



QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. Give the reasons for the choice of Gary's location. 

2. What difficulties were encountered in establishing the 
city? How were they met ? 

3. What three substances are put into a blast furnace to 
produce pig iron ? What is ore ? Where are the blast fur- 
naces in Gary located ? Examine the picture on page 140 
and describe their appearance. 

4. What substances in bituminous coal are driven off by 
heat when coke is made ? What use is made of these 
by-products ? What is coke } (Refer to the dictionary for 
your answer.) 

5. How many miles is it from Duluth to Gary? What lakes, 
straits, and canals does a vessel pass through in making 
the journey ? Draw this route on map used in Exercise 3. 

6. Which is longer, Lake Superior or Lake Michigan ? 
Which is the largest of the Great Lakes ? Tell by exam- 
ining the map which is highest above sea-level. How 
do the ore boats get through the falls in the St. Mary's 
River ? 

7. How does the age of the oldest city in the United States 
compare with that of London ? 

8. Have you a bridge in your home locality? Of what is it 
made ? If of steel, try to find out where the girders and 
other parts were made. Where do you think the steel for 
the buildings and machinery at Gary was made ? 

9. What is the nearest steel-making center to your home ? 

10. How many railroads pass through your home locality ? If 
it is not a railroad center, locate the one nearest you. 

11. Draw a plan of Gary, showing the residence town, the 
steel works, and other industries. 

12. Write to T/ie Gary Times, Gary, Indiana, enclosing four 



146 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

cents, and ask them for the latest issue of their paper. 
Bring to the class some bits of information that you think 
will interest them. Some newspapers publish a special 
annual number which costs a little more ; perhaps The 
Gary Times does. 
13. Have you discovered who the Magician was ? Of what 
was his wand made ? 



SAVANNAH, THE FOREST CITY 

SAVANNAH in the Southeast, Portland in 
the Northwest, both seaports, yet how differ- 
ent the two cities are, and how unHke are 
their surroundings ! One faces the broad Pacific, 
sending across its waters flour for food and wood for 
shelter ; the other on the narrower Atlantic feeds 
the looms of the Old World wdth cotton fiber, and 
supplies the greater part of the world's demand 
for rosin and turpentine. Portland glories in its 
mountains and its forests of giant firs and spruces; 
Savannah lies in the midst of a low coastal plain, 
across which muddy rivers move slowly seaward, 
their banks bordered by live-oaks, palmettoes, and 
the long-leafed pine. Portland is a new city ; 
Savannah has her monuments to General Ogle- 
thorpe and General Greene, Count Pulaski and 
Sergeant Jasper, and the record of having been 
besieged more times than any other city in the 
United States. Savannah is the largest port on 
the South Atlantic, and ranks next to Galveston 
and New Orleans in the export of cotton. 

A study of the map will show you why Savannah 
has gained preeminence as a port. Along the At- 
lantic Coast from Norfolk to Cape Sable you notice 
few large seaports ; Wilmington, Charleston, Savan- 
nah, Jacksonville complete the list, and not one 



UB kElPRESENTATiVE CITIES 

of them has as yet reached the one hundred thou- 
sand mark in population. There are several reasons 
for this, not all of them geographical ; but you can 
understand from their location why none of them 
is a great bustling city like Boston, New York, or 
Philadelphia. They are cut off by the steep grades 
of the Appalachian Mountains from the great east 
and west movements of trade and travel, therefore 
they serve a smaller hinterland. Look carefully 
again at the map and you will see that the moun- 
tains in Georgia and Alabama are much lower 
than those in North Carolina and Virginia, and 
that the Tennessee River makes a broad water gap 
across them. Because of this convenient river 
valley and low mountain passes near by, railroads 
have been built through the southern Appalach- 
ians connecting the Atlantic seaboard with the 
Middle West. Here stand the two "s^ate" cities, 
Chattanooga and Atlanta, one on the Tennessee 
River, the other at a point where roads cross- 
ing the mountains radiate south, east, and west. 
Charleston and Savannah, being nearer these 
mountain gateways, have opportunities of trade 
with the cities of the Mississippi Valley. Savan- 
nah has the added advantage of direct communi- 
cation by rail with Macon, Montgomery, Jackson, 
and Shreveport, making it possible to send to 
Savannah for export cotton from Oklahoma, Ar- 
kansas, Mississippi, and Alabama. Savannah has 
thus extended its hinterland more than Charles- 



SAVANNAH 



149 




ton ; it is on a tidal river navigable to Augusta, two 
hundred and fifty miles distant, and is a greater 
railroad center, gathering and distributing more 
readily. 

The fortunate location of the " Forest City" and 
much of its beauty are due to the foresight of 
General Ogle- 
thorpe, its found- 
er. The coast- 
line of the tract 
of land granted 
to the colony of 
Georgia was a 
network of sea- 
islands, tidal riv- 
ers, sounds, and 
marshes. Where 
amid these rath- 
er unfavorable 

surroundings should the first settlement in the 
infant colony be planted? It must first of all be 
easy of access to the mother country to whom 
it must look for assistance in its early years, and 
within touch of Charleston and Beaufort, its neigh- 
bors in South Carolina; so the town must be on 
the sea or on one of the rivers offering anchor- 
age for ships. Still more, it must be away from 
the dampness and fevers of the coastal lowlands, 
and so situated as to reach easily the fertile inland 
country where offshoots from the parent town 



SAVANNAH AND VICINITY 

The principal railroads entering Savannah are : 
the Atlantic Coast Line, the Central of Georgia, 
the Southern. 



150 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

would surely spring up. General Oglethorpe, 
therefore, and his friend William Bull, an engineer 
from South Carolina, had much to bear in mind 
as they cruised along the Georgian coast search- 
ing for a site for the new town. At last they found 
the conditions they wanted, on a bluff forty feet 
above the Savannah River and eighteen miles 
from its mouth. Here Oglethorpe made a treaty 
with Tomo-chi-chi, chief of a peaceful tribe of 
Indians living on this little plateau, and here he 
brought the waiting colonists, naming the place 
Savannah because of the level grassy meadows 
along the river. 

Though Oglethorpe was a soldier, and there- 
fore used to the stern realities of life, he must 
have loved trees and flowers, for when he laid out 
the town he provided for large open squares at 
regular intervals; and early in the history of the 
colony were planted here the forest trees that 
the busy axe of the homemaker was rapidly clear- 
ing away. If the forest came close about the 
city in its infancy, it seems to be in it to-day. 
These lovely parks, twenty-two in number, are 
the pride of Savannah and make it unique among 
our cities. Originally used as market-places or as 
camping-grounds in case of attack by Indians, 
they now serve as breathing-places and play- 
grounds in a city very closely built up. Few 
houses in Savannah have gardens around them, 
but from the frequency of the open squares one 



SAVANNAH 



151 



hardly misses their absence, and thinks of Savan- 
nah as Hterally a forest city, shaded by live-oaks 
hung with Spanish moss, palmettoes, and flower- 
ing dogwood, the clustered tree-tops like fragrant 
bouquets keeping ever green the memory of the 
great good Oglethorpe. 



You will find much to interest 



you 



old 



Savannah," especially if you know your United 
States history, and love to recall the self-sacri- 
fice and valor of 
the noble men 
who served their 
country in peace 
as well as in war. 
Many buildings 
of Revolution- 
ary days are still 
standing. What 
hearts of oak 
they must have 
to withstand the 
ravages or 1 rnie ^^^ ^^ savannah's open squares 

so well ! In one showing the statue to Sergeant Jasper. 

of them the Brit- 
ish general lived during the siege of Savannah in 
1779 ; and there are beautiful churches and houses 
of a later date, but still old enough to add to the 
quaintness and charm of the " Forest City." 

The most conspicuous feature of Savannah to 
those who approach by water is a white marble 




152 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

building towering above the low, even sky-line of 
the city. The spirit of progress that dared to erect 
in " old Savannah " a modern sky-scraper, went 
still further, and made ready for the big ships 
that modern trade demands. Jetties were built to 
strengthen marshy banks, the muddy river was 
dredged, docks were enlarged, and railroads began 
to extend their terminals. The lono: low island in 
front of the city — which in Washington's day was 
given over to rice fields — has now become a great 
ocean and land terminal. Slips over four thousand 
feet long, where the largest freight steamers can 
land, give storage room for thousands of barrels 
of rosin and turpentine, enough it seems to sup- 
ply the world for all time ; yet the docks are never 
empty and ships continually come for more. These 
gum products are called " naval stores," and are 
obtained from the long-leafed pine, great forests 
of which are found in South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, and Florida. These forests are rapidly 
disappearing, however, because of wasteful meth- 
ods in handling the trees. Whence will come our 
supply of naval stores when these forests are no 
more ? Possibly from France, already a producer 
of these products. Along the western coast of 
France south of the Gironde-Garonne River, is a 
district known as the Landes, that a hundred years 
ago was the poorest Department in France. To- 
day it is the richest. This startling transformation 
has been brought about by planting on the sandy 



SAVANNAH 



153 




NAVAL STORES DOCKS 
Note the number of vessels loading. 

stretches of apparently worthless land a species of 
pine very rich in gum products ; and because these 
trees are scientifically cared for, a new tree being 
planted as soon as an old one dies, the time may 
come when the once despised Z^;^^^^ may furnish 
a large part of the world's naval stores, and Bor- 
deaux may become a rival of Savannah as their 
market. 

The gathering and making of these stores is 
one of the chief occupations of the southern coast 
lands. As you cross Georgia on the railroad, you 
will be likely to see the curious gashes on the tree- 
trunks from which the resinous sap oozes; and 
possibly you may catch a glimpse among the trees 
of the " still," where the sap is boiled and sepa- 
rated into turpentine, rosin, and pitch. In huge 
tanks on the Savannah docks turpentine is stored 



154 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



and drawn off into barrels as needed. This is done 
under State inspection, and every barrel must be 
measured and marked before it can be shipped. 
Rosin goes through a similar inspection ; the head 
of each barrel is knocked off and a tiny cube, 
about the size of a chocolate caramel and lookino^ 
quite as delicious, is cut out and placed on the 
top of the barrel. How deftly the young boy with 
his curiously shaped hatchet does this ! Then the 
inspector examines it, holding it to the light to 
observe its color and transparency, labels it, and 
marks the barrel. Savannah is the largest naval 
stores market in the world, setting the price for 
naval stores wherever they are bought and sold. 
The United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium are 
our largest customers, but ships from all over the 
globe come to Savannah for these useful products. 
This extract from the Naval Stores Review shows 
how our exports to the United Kingdom compare 
with those of other countries : — 

TURPENTINE IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED 
KINGDOM 

SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE 
(Tons of 2240 lbs.) 



From 



United States . . . , 

France 

Spain and Portugal . 
Russia and Scandinavia 
All others .... 
Total tons . . 



1906 


1907 


19,960 

1,535 

4,139 

25,642 


19,593 
989 

4,910 
23 

25,515 



1908 



25,184 
1,291 

1,849 

^3_3 

28,687 



SAVANNAH 



155 



But to Savannah and Georgia " cotton is king," 
as corn is to Nebraska, gold to Alaska, and sugar 
to LoCiisiana. Though cotton was first grown in 
Georgia in 1734, it did not become a crop of much 
importance until after the cotton gin was invented. 
Cotton was a luxury in those days because of the 
difficulty of separating the seed from the lint. But 




COTTON READY FOR LOADING 



in 1793, at Mulberry Grove, the plantation of Gen- 
eral Greene, not far from Savannah, Eli Whitney, 
a young Connecticut school-teacher, perfected 
the little machine that could take the seed from 
a bale of cotton in five hours, a task that w^ould 
have taken a grown man two years to accomplish! 
After this everybody began to raise cotton, and 



156 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

Georgia soon ranked as one of the richest States 
in the Union. Then came the Civil War. Sherman 
marched from Atlanta to Savannah, laying waste 
as he went, leaving Georgia nothing but her cour- 
age to face the world again. Since the war Georgia 
farmers have learned wisdom ; cotton is not the 
only crop grown. Everyone living along the east- 
ern seaboard looks forward in the summer to eat- 
ing the Georgia peach, and in the early spring 
Savannah sends shiploads of vegetables and fruit 
to Northern markets from the Georgia truck farms. 
But Georgia is not only an agricultural State 
nor Savannah merely a commercial city. The 
wives and daughters of Oglethorpe's soldiers used 
to sit in front of their cottage doors spinning 
rough homespun from the fine long staple cot- 
ton which grew in such perfection on the sea- 
islands of the coast; indeed, this home industry 
grew to such an extent in the days preceding the 
Revolution, that the English Government became 
alarmed for fear English mills would go out of 
business, and sternly forbade any more manufac- 
ture of cotton in the southern colonies. After all 
cause for such interference was removed by the 
winning of our independence. Savannah began to 
develop manufacturing. One industry leads to an- 
other, and with a great naval stores industry at 
hand, there was a demand for barrels which Sa- 
vannah could most profitably supply. Naturally 
paints and oils are made where turpentine and 





SAVANNA 


H 


157 


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^ 


tt^niMi 




^^^^^^^^^H^ 


a^^'^mmm^m 


^^^^^^^^^K 


■^■^■V^ . ! 




^^^^ 


m 1 






^HHB|H| 










'^:m 






^^m^ '" 
^^K 


Tlg^-^ 






HH^^. i» 


w 





BAY STREET 
On the right are warehouses skirting the river front. 

rosin are at hand. Fifty years ago cotton seed used 
to be burned as so much waste, to-day the by-prod- 
ucts of this seed form one of the great industries 
of Savannah. The finest kind of table oil is made 
from it, as well as soap and cottolene, a substitute 
for lard. From the oily mass remaining a nourish- 
ing food for live stock and a fertilizer for the land is 
prepared. What a wonderful plant, to furnish cloth- 
ing for man, food for himself and his cattle, and 
to return to the soil the very elements which its 
growth took from it ! You will find, therefore, in 
Savannah that the Cotton Exchange is a promin- 
ent building. It is prettily located on the river bluff 
with an entrance facing a little park, where the 
cotton plant with its yellow bloom in spring and 
its snowy pod in summer forms an appropriate 
decoration. 



158 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



.■4-iM^^^m 

-^i^ ■' y-'^^^ 



Life in Savannah is pleasant at all seasons, but 
winter and spring attract the most visitors. The 
Gulf Stream brings to this coast the climate 

and plants of the 
Tropics, but be- 
cause of the tem- 
peringsea-breeze 
and the grateful 
shade, even the 
days of the nearly 
vertical sun are 
seldom uncom- 
fortably hot. Sea- 
islands and wind- 
ing waterways 
offer recreation 
for holidays, and good bard shell roads make many 
of these places accessible. Since the days of Wash- 
ington, Savannah has entertained many distin- 
guished visitors. The spirit of hospitality is in the 
air and those who have once felt the charm of 
the " Forest City" are sure to want to come again 



AN AVENUE OF LIVE-OAKS 
On one of the beautiful drives out of Savannali. 



and again, 



QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 



On an outline map of the United States locate Wilming- 
ton, Savannah, Jacksonville. Write or print names neatly 
and draw a heavy red line under each, with two under 
Savannah. 

Locate on map used in Question i, Macon, Montgomery^ 
Jackson, Shreveport ; also Chattanooga and Atlanta. Draw 



SAVANNAH 159 

railroads connecting Savannah with these cities, and in- 
dicate cotton routes to New York, Boston, Liverpool, and 
Bremen. 

3. What is meant by a "gate city"? How is Atlanta a 
" gateway " ? Pittsburgh ? 

4. Tlie name Savafinah is of Indian origin and means an 
open plain or grassy meadow. What other cities described 
in this book have Indian names ? What cities have Span- 
ish names ? French names ? English names ? 

5. How many times has Savannah been besieged? By 
whom ? (Consult your history textbook.) 

6. Locate the Landes country. Write a short composition 
comparing this country with the coast of Georgia, as to 
location, industries, cities, exports. Tell in what ways the 
locations of Bordeaux and Savannah are alike. 

7. What is a "still "? (Look up the origin of the word in a 
dictionary.) Try to get some specimens of rosin, turpen- 
tine, pitch. Explain their uses. Why are these products 
called " naval stores " ? Examine the picture of the naval 
stores, and tell to what ports these barrels will go. 

8. Between what States is the Savannah River a boundary ? 
Find other rivers of the United States which are bound- 
aries. What river bounds part of United States and 
Canada? United States and Mexico ? 

9. Write a composition telling about the uses man makes of 
the cotton plant. Consult books of reference in the library 
and thus add to the knowledge gained in this chapter. 
Arrange your ideas in one or two paragraphs. 

10. What features of the city mentioned in this chapter do 
you find in the pictures ? 

11. Examine the picture showing the live-oak trees. Have 
you trees as large about your home ? Try to find out 
something about the gray moss which hangs from these 
trees. 

12. Does spring come first to your home locality or to Savan- 
nah? 



i6o REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

13. Tell all the reasons why you would like to live in Savan- 
nah. 

14. How does Savannah rank in the value of its exports with 
other seaports of the United States ? (Consult the table 
of "Values of Exports," Appendix, page 207, for your 
answer.) What cities rank higher ? 

15. Learn the location of all the cities mentioned in this 
chapter. 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. How many miles from the mouth of the river is Savan- 
nah situated ? Compare this location with that of New 
Orleans, Hamburg, London, Pniladelphia. As steamships 
increase in length, what disadvantage will there be in 
such a location ? 

2. Make a list of the countries noted in this chapter which 
send naval stores to the United Kingdom. Opposite each 
write the seaport from which the stores are sent. 

3. In what direction from the Panama Canal is Savannah? 
Which city is nearest the Canal, Galveston, New Orleans, 
or Savannah ? What advantages does the water front of 
Savannah offer for trade z'/a the Canal ? 



BOSTON 



The rocky nook with hilltops three, 

Looked eastward to the farms, 
And twice each day the flowing sea, 

Took Boston in its arms, 

Ralph Waldo Emerson 



PROBABLY no city in our land is more 
honored by its citizens and by all Ameri- 
cans than Boston. How natural that this 
should be so! Other cities have their treasured 
shrines, San Francisco its Spanish Mission, Pitts- 
burgh its battered fort, New York its Bowling 
Green, and Seattle its Totem Pole; but to most 
of us Boston means more than any of these; it 
means Lexington and Concord, Faneuil Hall and 
the Old South Meeting-House, Bunker Hill and 
the Washington Elm ; it means a host of men and 
women w^ho by spoken or written word and brave 
deeds have taught us lessons of liberty and justice 
and unselfish devotion to country. . 

Thus it is that the boy or girl on a first visit 
to Boston makes a bee-line for the maze of wind- 
ing- streets which marks the old Boston of colo- 
nial and Revolutionary days. Who w^ould wish to 
miss getting lost in this intricate tangle! Perhaps 
you have already had an experience similar to that 
of the gentleman who, seeing the dome of the 
State House above the tree-tops and asking the 



1 62 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



way thither, was told to turn about and walk in 
the opposite direction! A curious plan for a city, 
you think. That is because you have grown up in 
a country whose cities and towns are laid out after 

the same rect- 
angular pattern, 
streets or avenues 
running gener- 
ally north and 
south crossed by 
streets running 
east and west. 
Such a plan is 
orderly, but it al- 
lows of no short 
cuts, neither does 
it take advantage 
of physical fea- 
tures such as a 
river or lake, or 
hills and valleys. 



that give variety 
and beauty to a 
city aspect. In 
San Francisco 
and Seattle, 

streets march de- 
fiantly up hill and down dale, making steep grades 
that would be impossible in a city visited by snow 
and ice. In these cases, as in many another in our 




BOSTON, OLD AND NEW 
Practically the entire area of the original city is 
indicated by the heavy shading. The newer 
portions, only partially included in this map, 
stand upon made land, indicated by the lighter 
shading. 



BOSTON 



63 



Western country, the city fathers laid out miles of 
streets before there were any inhabitants to dwell 
on them. Boston was not planned beforehand by 
the colonial fathers of 1630. The truth is, that 
not one who came with John Winthrop when he 




LOOKING DOWN TREMONT STREET TOWARD BEACON HILL 
Note the winding street and the State House. In the foreground is one of the 
entrances to the Subway which passes under the Common. The Granary 
Burying-Ground referred to on page 165 is just beyond the church (Park Street). 



migrated from Salem to the rocky, pear-shaped 
peninsula jutting into the sea had any thought of 
founding a great city. The only superiority claimed 
for this new location of the Massachusetts Bay 
colony was that it had plentiful springs of water, 
a commodity that Salem lacked. The very un- 
evenness of the peninsula with its deeply indented 



i64 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

coves, its promontories and hills, made it impossi- 
ble to have regularity in its floor plan; so the col- 
onists placed their simple houses wherever their 
fancy led them, some along the water front, others 
near the springs, or on the slopes of the Trimoun- 
tain which gave the settlement its early name. 
Corn, you remember, was a native product; and 
since a food supply was the first thing to provide 
for, one of the earliest buildings was a windmill for 
grinding grist, placed far out at the north end so 
that the breezes that always played around the bay 
should keep its clumsy arms steadily at work. A 
little to one side was a cleared space of fifty acres 
which was reserved for pasture land, common to all 
citizens of the town, and for a training field where 
the militia could drill. Before long, little paths were 
worn from house to mill and spring, from house to 
Common, to church and school ; and these lanes, 
trodden into highways by nearly three hundred 
years of passing and repassing, form the curiously 
irregular streets of old Boston. On the excellent 
map of Boston Old and New, on page 162, you will 
be able to trace one or two of these historic paths. 
Washington Street twisted and turned from the 
slopes of Sentry or Beacon Hill out along the nar- 
row neck that tied the peninsula to the mainland. 
On this street, history tells us, John Winthrop had 
his house ; and here later was built the Old South 
Meeting-House, to-day the Mecca of all patriotic 
Americans. Near by was the first church and the 



BOSTON 



165 



school, and on the summit of the hill overlooking 
the green pasture land they placed a beacon where 
a warnino- liaht was to flash if dan2:er threatened. 
To defend the town, a fort was built on the eastern 
peninsula, guarding the harbor on whose waters 
many strange craft later lay at anchor. You see how 
this little community took shape, providing first 
for those needs 
of man which 
are universal, — 
shelter, food, 
clothing, pro- 
tection, instruc- 
tion; there re- 
mained only to 
reserve space 
for that with- 
out which no 
human group is 
ever complete. 
In the Old 

Granary Burying-Ground lie many of the noted 
personages of historic Boston — Hancock, Samuel 
Adams, Paul Revere, Governor Bellingham, and 
others whom you may some day discover for your- 
selves. 

Now that you are somewhat familiar with the 
outline and plan of old Boston, you will like to 
look again at the map to see how succeeding gen- 
erations have altered and enlarged the city bound- 




WASHINGTON STREET 

A part of the principal business street. Note the 

narrow drivewavs and the crowded sidewalks. 



i66 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

aries. Does it strike you that they have added 
more land than the original could boast of ? This 
is exactly what has been done. How the water 
front has been straightened by filling up coves 
and building out wharves ! The deep indentation 
made by the mouth of the Charles River, which 
was called the Back Bay, has been filled in, new 
streets created, and Boston fastened securely to 
the rest of Massachusetts. Along these broad 
avenues hurry the great throngs that go in and 
out of Boston every day. It is easy to distinguish 
the old city from the new, for there are no twist- 
ings and turnings in these new streets, all is 
ordered for ease of travel in a great metropolis, 
the corners are square, and there is no danger of 
missing one's way. 

At first Boston had not apparently much advan- 
tage over the mother town of Salem. The little 
boats of that day came quite as readily to Salem 
as to Boston ; but the days changed, and when 
ships grew larger they flocked into the spacious 
waters of Boston Bay, while Salem went to sleep. 
Nature surely placed here superior advantages 
for a seaport. Long sheltering arms of the land 
on the north and south curve around a more open 
outer bay and converge upon an inner almost 
landlocked basin, with a shore-line made irregular 
by peninsulas and islands behind which lie the 
mouths of three tidal streams. Many of the great 
harbors of the world are narrow and winding and 



BOSTON 



167 



obstructed by sandbars ; others, like Galveston 
and New Orleans, require sea walls or jetties to 
make them safe and navigable; but three broad 
deep channels lead into the harbor of Boston, 
where shipping lies protected during the fierce 
storms which often raQ:e outside alongr the " stern 
and rock-bound coast." With such a safe and 
ample gateway looking out to the Atlantic, it is 




COMMONWEALTH AVENUE 

This beautiful wide street is in the Back Bay district and is all made land. See 

the map on page 162. The Avenue begins at the Public Garden. 

no wonder that Boston began early in its career to 
be the most important city in New England, the 
" Hub," in fact, of this busy corner of our country. 
Those who first applied this nickname to Boston 



1 68 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



were very ambitious, and made the wheel large 
enough to include the universe, Oliver Wendell 
Holmes declaring that the Boston State House 




BOSTON AND VICINITY 

The principal railroads entering Boston are : the New York, New Haven, and 

Hartford ; the Boston and Maine ; the Boston and Albany. 

was the " Hub of the Solar System." But though 
the wheel is smaller than some Boston people like 
to think, it revolves so rapidly that many another 
industrial wheel in our land is set in motion by it. 
Lay a map of New England before you and 



BOSTON 169 




A VIEW IX FRANKLIN PARK 
Near this spot are public golf-links and tennis courts. This view gives an idea of 
the many varieties of trees and shrubs and other natural features of one of the 
finest park systems in the world. 

draw on it a circle around Boston, using the dis- 
tance from the western boundary of Massachusetts 
to Boston as one of the spokes. Follow the tire of 
this wheel around its whole circumference, and you 
will see that nearly every large city of New Eng- 
land lies within it. Note where the spokes run — 
from Boston to Portland ; from Boston to Lowell, 
Manchester, and Concord ; from Boston to Fall 
River ; from Boston to Providence, New London, 
and New Haven ; from Boston to Springfield and 
beyond to Albany; from Boston to Fitchburg and 
the Hoosac Tunnel. These spokes are lines of 
steel running from busy centers of population to 
the central market by the sea. The nearer you 
get to the market, the more thickly peopled is the 
reoion. Within twelve or fifteen miles of Boston 



170 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

are thirty prosperous towns which have grown up 
in a ring of settlements around the great seaport. 
Some of these, Dorchester, Roxbury, Charlestown, 
are now a part of the city proper ; but out beyond 
this inner ring, nesthng on the hills that encircle 
Boston on the west and north, is the outer ring 
of towns and villages which are really a part of 
Greater Boston. No other city in our country has 
such beautiful suburban towns, because the roll- 
ing surface, the streams winding around the hills, 
the lakes and ponds in the hollows, the bold capes 
jutting into the sea with beaches between them, 
form the most tempting places imaginable for 
homes. The people of Boston have reserved 
17,000 acres of this lovely country for a great play- 
ground. Think of a series of parks containing 
broad tracts of grassland and forests, ocean shores, 
ponds, brooks, and hills, forbidden to the trader 
and builder and preserved for future generations 
of boys and girls ! 

Among these towns encircling Boston are many 
which have become household words throughout 
our land, — Lowell, Lawrence, Lynn, Haverhill, 
Waltham, Brockton. The making of cotton and 
woolen clothing, underwear, hosiery, shoes and 
slippers, overshoes, watches, salted fish, chocolate, 
and candy, are only a part of the industries which 
center in this Boston district. For with a safe and 
roomy harbor facing the Atlantic on the one hand, 
and abundant water-power in the falls and rapids 



BOSTON 171 

of many rivers on the other, the intelligent and 
energetic New England people of the early days 
began to manufacture as soon as they were freed 
from the interference of England. Because of the 
ease with which raw materials could slip along the 




THE SPINNING ROOM IX A COTTON MILL 

ocean highways, mill wheels and spindles multi- 
plied so rapidly that Boston soon began to take 
high rank as a port. Steamers bring wool for 
New England looms from Sydney and the Plata 
River, long and short-staple cotton comes from 
Savannah and Egypt, coffee from Brazil, fish 
from the Newfoundland Banks, sugar from Cuba, 
rubber from Para, tea from China, and bananas 
from Central America. These form some of the 
imports piled on wharves, stored in warehouses, 
or hurried to waiting cars. Perhaps you have 
never thought of coal as an import; if so, it may 



172 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

surprise you to learn that Boston's coal bill 
amounts to over $100,000,000 a year, more than 
half this amount being paid for its transportation 
from Nova Scotia, Newport News, and Philadel- 
phia. This explains why one of the most common 
sights in the harbor is a picturesque string of coal 
barges being towed to the tall coal pockets tower- 
ing along the w^ater front. 

A stroll through the business section of the city 
is interesting for two reasons : it wull take you into 
" old Boston," and if you have the observant eye, 
your ideas of the sorts and kinds of business which 
all this manufacturing develops will be very much 
enlarged. People in the same kind of business gen- 
erally group together, and you will find all the wool 
concerns in one section, the leather dealers in an- 
other, and so on. In one street in the leather dis- 
trict three hundred shoe and leather concerns have 
their offices. This makes it convenient for those 
who come to Boston to buy and sell. Here are 
dealers in hides and skins, in cut soles, in tanners' 
oils, also houses for selling shoe machinery and 
all kinds of supplies which shoe manufacturers use, 
rubber shoe companies, oiifices of the great shoe 
factories at Lynn, Haverhill, and Brockton, and 
even firms which bu}^ waste leather, selling it again 
for all kinds of purposes, scraps as small as an inch 
square having their value. All these industries al- 
lied to shoemaking have grown up since colonial 
days, when shoemakers from Massachusetts trav- 



BOSTON 



73 



eled with their kits from house to house making 
shoes for the family. To-day steel fingers have 
taken the place of shoemakers' hands, doing the 
work so nimbly and well that orders come to the 
" Hub " from nearly every State in the Union and 
nearly every country in the world, and Lynn alone 
makes shoes for 30,000,000 people. So Boston has 
become the greatest shoe and leather market of 
the United States, as well as one of the chief mar- 
kets for wool, salted fish, foodstuffs, and candy. 




Courtesy, T. G. Plant Company. 

A VIEW IN A SHOE FACTORY 



One half of all the manufactures of Massachusetts 
and one quarter of those of New England center 
around Boston, and as you walk through its busy 
streets you understand why the generations that 



174 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

succeeded the Puritan colonists had to make over 
and enlarge the rocky peninsula to meet the 
changes that each age has brought with it. 

In spite of all these changes, there are some 
things that would make good old Governor Win- 
throp feel at home could his spirit walk the earth 
again. He would miss the beacon on the hill, it 
is true, but he would catch the flash of the gilded 
dome of the State House that surmounts this hill, 
and know that it stands for the security and de- 
fense of the liberties of the Commonwealth of 
Massachusetts. He would surely recognize the 
grassy slopes of the Common, where his cows were 
wont to graze, though he would look in vain for 
the waters of the bay that used to wash its shores. 
Some one would have to explain to him that the 
great funnels of the ocean liners along the har- 
bor's edge are the descendants of the masts of his 
sturdy little boat, "Blessing of the Bay," which he 
launched with such pride in 1634; but he would 
understand that the naming of that craft had been 
prophetic of the blessing this great landlocked 
basin has been to Boston, to New England, and to 
the country at large. 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

I. Draw a sketch map showing the original peninsula of 
Boston and the additions that have been made to it. In- 
dicate by a cross the location of the State House and 
write the names of waters surrounding Boston. Give this 



BOSTON 175 

map an appropriate name and make the drawing clear and 
attractive. 

2. Locate Salem. Compare its location with that of Boston 
in regard to advantages for trade. 

3. Tell in what ways Boston Bay differs from San Francisco 
Bay. Which do you think is more beautiful ? Compare 
the maps on pages 2 and 168. 

4. Draw a general plan of the streets of the place where you 
live. Below this drawing write a brief story of the found- 
ing and settlement of the place ; tell which are its oldest 
streets and what the first buildings were. 

5. What is meant by a place being a '' Mecca " ? Where is 
Mecca and for what is it noted ? 

6. Tell something of importance that happened in the Old 
South Meeting-House. 

7. On an outline map of New England draw the wheel as 
directed on page 169. Locate the chief cities and towns 
within this wheel, consulting the map in your geography 
for their location. Draw the spokes as directed. Give the 
map a good title and make the whole drawing as neat as 
possible. 

8. Make a list of the chief rivers of New England that fur- 
nish water-power, and opposite each place the names of 
the manufacturing towns on each river. 

9. On the sheet used in Exercise 8, add in a third column 
the chief manufactures of New England, Try to add to 
those mentioned in this chapter. Give the exercise its 
proper headings and underline these to set them off from 
the exercise itself ; for example, Rivers, Towns, Manu- 
factures. 

xo. Find out if possible where the shoes you are wearing were 
made ; the stockings ; the writing paper you use. Was 
your watch made at Waltham ? At Waterbury ? Look at 
the label on the thread you use at home and tell where it 
was made. 

II. Coal comes to Boston by rail and water. Trace the coal 



176 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

routes from Pennsylvania, from Nova Scotia, and from 
Newport News, to Boston. 

12. Where does the coal used in your home come from ? De- 
scribe the route it takes. How much coal is used in your 
home in the course of a year? What does it cost.^ 

13. Describe the routes by which hides from Wyoming or 
Montana and from Sydney or Argentina reach Boston. 

14. Why is Boston well situated for a capital city.? How does 
its location with regard to the State differ from that of 
Springfield, Illinois ? 

15. For what purpose is the State House used ? Where is there 
a similar building in your State ? What is it called ? Which 
cities in this book have such a building.? 

16. What would you most enjoy seeing in Boston ? What ad- 
vantages does Boston have in the summer over St. Louis? 
over New Orleans ? 

17. How old is Boston? Learn the stanza at the beginning 
of this chapter. 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. London and Boston are the two largest wool markets of 
the world ; from what countries and ports is wool shipped 
to these markets ? (See Appendix, page 208, for " Wool 
Production of the World.") 

2. What kind of climate is common to these wool-producing 
countries ? (Consult temperature and rainfall maps in your 
geography textbook.) 

3. Consult lists in Appendix and see how Boston compares 
in value of imports with New York, Philadelphia, New 
Orleans, San Francisco. How does Boston rank in value 
of exports ? Which cities rank higher ? 

4. Which is farther east, the mouth of the Charles River or 
that of the River La Plata? Which is farther north, the 
mouth of the Thames or that of the Charles ? Which city, 
London or Boston, has a longer period of daylight on 
Christmas Day ? 



NEW YORK 

THE history of cities does not show us 
anything so amazing as the growth of 
New York during the last century. In 
the year that Washington was inaugurated Presi- 
dent, the area now covered by Greater New York 
had a population of nearly 50,000; in 1910 that 
number had increased to 4,766,883. A hundred 
years ago no city in the world had reached these 
huge proportions for before the days of railroads 
and other quick means of transportation it was 
impossible to supply food sufficient for the daily 
needs of so many people. It is hard to picture a 
city group of nearly five million souls; even those 
who live in New York do not realize how big it 
is. If all the inhabitants of California, Oregon, and 
Washington, should take up their abode in one 
city, it would not then be as crowded as New 
York. Add St. Louis to Greater Paris and the 
sum does not equal this great metropolis; and if 
you were to take the sum of the populations of 
all the Representative Cities — but you will enjoy 
finding out for yourself just how many of these it 
will take to make a New York. 

By this time you are surely asking what has 
brought so many million people to this city and" 
where they have all come from. You also may be 



178 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

interested to learn how they hve, shut up within 
the confines of city walls and crowded streets in- 
stead of being spread out over the three large 
States of the Pacific Coast; for the life of a New 
York boy is very different from that of a boy or 
girl in Seattle or Portland. 

You have learned that every port is a gateway 
opening, on the one hand, to the ocean with its 
cheap and easy routes of traffic, on the other hand, 
to the land where railways and inland waterways 
converge and merchandise is exchanged. But 
though San Francisco is the gateway of a great 
State, and New Orleans the port of a fruitful val- 
ley, New York is the sea-gate of a continent. And 
such a gateway as it is ! For it not only opens 
wide to the most traveled ocean on the globe, but 
this ocean passes through the gate into the con- 
tinent for one hundred and fifty miles from the 
mouth of the Hudson, whence an easy road leads 
westward along the Mohawk Valley, by the shores 
of the Great Lakes, and across the level prairies 
and rolling plains to the foot of the Rocky Moun- 
tains. New York has become the greatest city of 
North America chiefly because it stands at the 
entrance of this broad smooth road which leads 
for over two thousand miles into the heart of a 
continent. It is this highway that has made the 
fortunes of the city. For many years Boston was 
a more important port than New York, and both 
Philadelphia and Baltimore were its rivals; but 



NEW YORK 



179 



after the Erie Canal was built and the wheat, corn, 
and meat of the Middle West could slip cheaply 
along a thousand-mile waterway to a market, New 




Greater New York 






NEW YORK CITY AND VICINITY 

The principal railroads entering New York are : the New York Central ; the New 
York, New Haven, and Hartford ; the Pennsylvania; the Baltimore and Ohio; 
the New York, Ontario, and Western ; the Lehigh ; the Erie ; the Central of 
New Jersey ; the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western. 

York began to grow. All the fertile valley of the 
upper Mississippi became its great hinterland, 
and from that day to this, ships from the ends of 
the earth have flocked to its wharves because they 
were sure of finding return cargoes there. How 
many advantages have contributed to the great- 



i8o REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

ness of New York ! Beside the fruitful hinterlands 
of the Mohawk Valley and the Middle West, be- 
side the deep and navigable Hudson, it looks out 
on a spacious harbor, one of the best and most 
beautiful in the world. Protected from storms by 
the bulging shores of Staten Island and Long 
Island, ships that have buffeted with wind and 
wave outside Sandy Hook steam through the 
gateway of " The Narrows " into the quiet waters 
of the inner bay. To how many a stranger fleeing 
from hard conditions in his own land have these 
smooth waters, lighted by the torch of the God- 
dess of Liberty, seemed like a haven of refuge. 
Sometimes, it is true, the hope is not fulfilled in 
this land of ours, but to the majority who come, 
this open doorway has been the entrance into a 
real "Promised Land." Because of the spacious 
and protected harbor, with its four hundred and 
forty miles of water front brought within easy 
reach of the interior by a " water-level route," 
nearly one half of the foreign commerce of the 
United States passes through New York. Of the 
imports pouring in through all our ports, more 
than one half comes through New York, and out 
of New York passes nearly one half of all the ex- 
ports from all the ports of the United States. One 
of the most beautiful buildings in New York is 
the Custom House, where the business of collect- 
ing the duties on foreign goods is managed ; and 
as a large part of the expenses of our government 



NEW YORK 



i8i 



are met by these custom duties, it is most fitting 
that such a government building should be orna- 
mental to the city. 

Besides its foreign trade, New York bears a 
large share of the domestic commerce of the coun- 
try. This is because New York is at a great cross- 
roads of commerce. How vividly the map shows 
the waterways which meet here! The Hudson- 
Mohawk River coming from the north and west 




NEW YORK CUSTOM HOUSE 
It is imposingly located opposite the historic Bowling Green, 

meets the oceanway from the south and east, and 
across this line of travel the East River and Long 
Island Sound offer a deep waterway between New 
York and New England. Along these natural 
highways two great railroad systems have laid their 
tracks. Other roads have boldly climbed the rug- 
ged mountains and plateaus of northern New Jer- 



i82 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

sey and western New York in order to get a share 
of the carrying trade between the Mississippi Val- 
ley and the sea. Eight great trunk lines come to 
New York, but all those from the west and south, 
except the New York Central and Pennsylvania 
Railroads, land passengers and freight on the other 
side of the Hudson at one of the Jersey ports. 
This necessitates crossing the river for all passen- 
gers and freight destined for New York or New 
England. Cars are run on to big floats and trans- 
ferred to ports on the East River, where they are 
made up into trains for Boston and way points, 
and passengers are ferried across. But this is 
slow work for people in a hurry, and sometimes 
boats are delayed on account of fog. Years ago 
the Pennsylvania Railroad began to plan to tun- 
nel under the Hudson River so as to be able to 
deliver passengers directly in New York. It was 
a gigantic task, but men of skill accomplished it, 
and the magnificent Pennsylvania Terminal Sta- 
tion is now the visible result. One can hardly im- 
agine the Temple of Solomon any more wonder- 
ful than this railway station, equipped inside with 
every comfort for the traveler and with an exterior 
that adorns the city. Not far from it rises the 
Grand Central Terminal, another titanic under- 
taking, anchored to the rock foundation of New 
York and built over the old outgrown station 
while hundreds of trains carrying thousands of 
passengers were sent in and out daily. 



NEW YORK 



183 




From an architect's drawing. 

GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL 
This undertaking includes not only the recently completed terminal station of the 
New York Central lines, but the reclaiming of some twenty city blocks (for- 
merly used for railroad yards) and the erection thereon of commercial and office 
buildings, hotels, apartment houses, etc. A number of these are already con- 
structed, and others are in process ; so that the ideal of the architect's bids fair 
speedily to be realized. 



One great item of traffic that keeps railroads, 
boats, and steamers in the vicinity of New York 
busy is supplying the city with food and fuel. The 
greater part of this domestic trade is carried on 
while the city is asleep. Special milk trains and 
those bringing butter, eggs, vegetables, and fruit 
stream into the city all through the night. Coal 
barges come down the Hudson from Kingston, or 
across from New Jersey where the coal has been 
brought by the great anthracite road of Pennsyl- 



i84 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

vania. In the summer Long Island and southern 
New Jersey are one vast market garden, and every 
day cars and wagons follow each other unceasingly, 
bringing asparagus, cabbage, potatoes, poultry, and 
all kinds of garden truck to five million hungry 
people. Beef from Chicago is transferred from 
refrigerator cars to waiting steamers or put into 
the large storage warehouses along the line of the 
New York Central Railroad. The mere handling 
of these food supplies and other merchandise cre- 
ates a tremendous business. All raw material in- 
tended for manufacturing must be carted to fac- 
tory or warehouse, and food must be loaded on 
to wagons and carried to markets, so that those 
streets which are main arteries of traffic are crowded 
and dangerous. Steamers. follow so fast one after 
the other that as soon as one unloads its cargo the 
wharves must be cleared to make space for the 
next one. 

How many interesting things there are to see 
on these wharves while steamers are loading or 
unloading! It Is better to study geography in this 
way than to learn It out of a book, and the romance 
that always hangs about a ship from over the sea 
is sufficient to keep one's enjoyment at a high 
pitch. The following is a partial list of the things 
a New York girl saw one October day on the 
Chelsea docks where two steamers had just de- 
posited their cargoes. 



NEW YORK 185 

Paper and Christmas toys from Germany. 

Rags and hops from Belgium. 

Tea and biscuits from England. 

Fish from Portugal. 

Canned mushrooms and peas from France. 

Hemp from Manila and New Zealand. 

Jute from Tampico. 

Box trees and ornamental shrubs from Belgium. 

Raw silk from Italy. 

Condensed milk from Switzerland. 

Pears' soap from England. 

Rubber from the Congo and Para. 

Sardines from France. 

Pelts from New Zealand. 

On the Brooklyn water front she saw a steamer 
from Montevideo unload an enormous cargo of 
raw hides. The odor of these skins was not agree- 
able, but she was amazed to see such a quantity. 
She learned they were bound for the tanneries to 
be made into leather for the shoe factories of New 
England. At these docks also a large part of the 
coffee that enters the United States is unloaded 
and stored. Do you remember which Representa- 
tive City is a rival of New York in this trade ? 
Here the Norse Prince brought from Brazil 128,- 
200 bags of coffee, each bag weighing 1 32 pounds, 
yet the longshoremen who handle this freight pick 
up a bag as easily as you would a baby and carry 
it from the moving crane, which you see in the 
picture, to the proper piles. Near the coffee bags 
are big heaps of Brazil nuts waiting to be sorted and 
bagged, and there are cotton bales from Calves- 



i86 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

ton, New Orleans, and Savannah, awaiting reship- 
ment to the Sound boats for the Fall River cotton 
mills. 

It is not strange that most people think of New 
York chiefly as a commercial city, for the pictur- 
esqueness and importance of its harbor overshadow 
all else, yet it leads all other American cities in 
manufacturing. All the favorable conditions for 
industry except one are found here. Carriers by 
land and water bring raw material from far and 
near, coal is easy to get because of canal and rail 
communication with Pennsylvania mines, and car 
and steamer are ready to carry away the finished 
products. Of the thousands of foreigners who land 
at New York, many stay in the city and offer t4ieir 
labor cheaply. As the city grows, there are more 
people to consume food and to buy clothing; fac- 
tories, therefore, find a large market right at their 
doors. New York is one of the chief flour cities 
of the country and makes many varieties of cereal 
breakfast foods. Much coffee also is roasted here. 
But its greatest industry is the making of clothing 
for men and women, boys and girls. This is made 
in little factories, in sweatshops, and at the homes 
of the workers ; and because much of the work on 
these garments does not call for skillful work- 
men, a large number of the ignorant and unskilled 
immigrants who land in New York remain in the 
city and make clothing for you and me to wear. 
On the Brooklyn water front, the groups of grimy 



NEW YORK 



187 



buildings with their tall chimneys tell where sugar 
and molasses from the West Indies are refined. 
In the Borough of Richmond, distant from the 
more settled residence portion, petroleum, piped 




'-'oi .-f' • . X'-JV Vork Dock Company, 

BROOKLYN WATER FRONT, ALONG THE EAST RIVER 
Note the fire-proof warehouses and the piles of coffee bags waiting to be stored. 

or sent in tanks from the Pennsylvania oil wells, 
is refined. It forms one of the chief exports of 
New York, for the United States has only one 
competitor in the oil trade, and that is Russia. 

The second manufacture in importance is print- 
ing and publishing. Look over the monthly mag- 
azines in your Public Library and see how many 
of them are published in New Y'ork. Perhaps you 
can tell the names of some of the New York news- 
papers which find their way all over this country. 
Everything seems to come to this great metropolis, 



i88 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

and people come, too, because there is so much 
work to be done. Not the smallest part of this 
work comes from stretching the city to accommo- 
date all who want to live in it. If the inhabitants 
would distribute themselves evenly over the five 
boroughs which make up the city, living condi- 
tions in the central borough would not have so 
many drawbacks. The trouble is, the majority 
have to live in Manhattan to be near work or 
business; so on the little island that Peter Minuit 
bought from the Indians for twenty-four dollars 
are packed together, in some portions, as many as 
one thousand on an acre, and the value of the 
land has risen into the billions of dollars. The 
Island of Manhattan can grow only in one direc- 
tion now, and that is skyward. In the place where 
you live your neighbor probably lives beside you; 
in New York he would live over you or under 
you, and you would have so many neighbors that 
you could not be expected to know them, so they 
would not be neighbors at all. Land in New York 
is too valuable for people to have houses with gar- 
dens around them, so houses are placed one on 
top of the other, and no one has a garden. These 
apartment houses, as they are called, are often 
twelve or fifteen stories high ; and when the four 
sides of a city block are built up solidly, those who 
live on the lower floors get very little sunlight. 
As there are no yards. New York boys and girls 
must play in the streets, where electric cars, auto- 



NEW YORK 



89 



mobiles, and delivery wagons are constantly rush- 
ing back and forth. There are parks, of course, 
where some can play, but the most beautiful are 
far from the heart of the city. The boys and girls 






A PICTURESQUE SPOT IN CENTRAL PARK 

Note the three large hotels on Fifth Avenue at the Park entrance, and the tall 
apartment houses. 

of one large school have to travel six miles to 
reach their athletic field, so there are some disad- 
vantages in living on an island city. 

But it is in the downtown section of the city 
that the real sky-scrapers are found.' Now that we 
have learned to put up steel frames and anchor them 
to bed-rock, and now that the electric elevator has 

* Study the buildings shown in the frontispiece illustration. 



IQO 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 



been invented, there is apparently no end to the 
height these buildings may reach. No sooner is 
the " highest " office building erected than the 
next year sees an additional story or two on an- 
other building. These lofty towers house people 
enough to make a good-sized town. In the Hud- 




SKY LINE OF LOWER NEW YORK 
The Woolworth Building, at the left, is the tallest office building in the world. 

son Terminal Building there are four thousand 
offices, in which from six to ten thousand persons 
are employed. This is a city in itself, and is so 
completely fitted up that a man can lodge there, 
take his morning bath, get shaved, have his shoes 
blacked, buy his cigar and newspaper, and get 



NEW YOkIC 191 

all his meals, without once going outside. These 
modern office buildings are truly a New York in- 
vention, made necessary by the small space avail- 
able for business. The latest sky-scraper boasts 
of fifty-five stories, being higher than the Pyramids, 
higher than anything man has reared except the 




Copyright, 1912, by Georrje P. Ball ^ Son, Xe 

FROM THE HUDSON RIVER 
A continuation of the picture on the opposite page. 



Eiffel Tower in Paris. When the day's work is 
over, a dense throng pours forth from these high 
steel cages. They crowd along the narrow streets 
that are a heritage from old New York, they push 
into subway or surface cars, into ferryboats or 



192 



REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 




A CONGESTED TENEMENT-HOUSE SECTION 



trains, all tired and hungry and eager for home. 
Many thousands live in New Jersey and Connect- 
icut and on Long Island. The Subway, which 
runs underground nearly the whole length of 
Manhattan Island, carries so many passengers that 
it is as if nearly the whole population of Phila- 
delphia were emptied out every day. And all these 
people find work in New York, for the city is the 
pivot of the nation ; its banks lend money to enter- 
prises all over the land, its gold is sent West to 
harvest our crops, and the crops are bought and 
sold in New York's great exchanges, the prices 
paid being telegraphed all over our country as 
well as across the Atlantic. 

New York is one of the greatest cosmopolitan 
cities, forty-one foreign countries sending their 



NEW YORK 193 

consuls to New York to look out for their trade 
and to help citizens who may be living or visiting 
in the city. There are more Germans in New 
York than in any German city except Berlin. The 
Irish police the city, the Italians dig its subways, 
Greeks sell fruit and flowers, the Russian and 
the Pole make clothing, and negro boys from the 
West Indies run the elevators in the apartment 
houses. There are quarters in the city where one 
hears only Ital- 
ian spoken ; the 
Hungarian s 
herd by them- 
selves; the Syr- 
ian, the Rou- 
manian, the 
Arab, each hears 
his own lan- 
guage, though 
his children are 
taught English 
in the schools. Each nationality brings something 
to the life of the city, and the whole big family of 
nearly five million people lives safely and for the 
most part contentedly together. There is much to 
make life in New York happy, even for the boy or 
girl who might be better off in the country. Some 
of the richest art treasures of the world are here, 
there is always life and movement on the street, 
and there is great opportunity for mutual helpful- 




RIVERSIDE DRIVE 
Showinsj Hudson River and the Palisades. 



194 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

ness, for in city life one learns more easily than in 
the country to give up the things he would like to 
do for the sake of the public good. New York is a 
city nobly set, and public-spirited citizens are be- 
ginning to take an interest in keeping the beauty 
with which Nature has surrounded it. On both 
sides of the Hudson are wooded parks and drives, 
offering real country walks and quiet playgrounds. 
Up and down the lordly Hudson pass pleasure 
craft, regular passenger steamers to Albany, ferry- 
boats, and the little tugs which lead the monster 
ocean liners in and out of the bay. When the sun 
shines, as it does a good deal during the summer 
and fall and early winter, the air is dazzlingly clear, 
the river sparkles as it carries its broad flood out 
to sea, and everyone seems happy in this city at 
the Eastern Gate and ready to echo the words of 
Hendrik Hudson, " The land is as beautiful as the 
foot of man ever trod on." 

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY 

1. How many of the cities in this book have you found it 
would take to equal New York in population ? 

2. On an outline map of the United States draw the " water- 
level route " that leads from New York to Chicago. Lo- 
cate the chief cities along this route. 

3. Draw ocean routes from New York to the Representa- 
tive Cities which are seaports. Use same map as in Ex- 
ercise 2. 

4. Write in one paragraph the chief reasons for the size and 
importance of New York. 



NEW YORK 195 

5. Copy the list of articles the New York girl saw on the 
wharves, and opposite each write the name of the port 
from which the things were shipped. 

6. Learn the location of every city and country named in 
Exercise 5. 

7. Which city of the United States ranks next to New York 
in value of imports? Of. exports? 

8. Why should the imports of New York and Boston be so 
much greater in number and value than those of Galves- 
ton and New Orleans ? Why should the exports of Galves- 
ton and New Orleans be greater in value than those of 
Boston ? 

9. How many loaves of bread are eaten in your family in a 
week ? Calculate about how many it would take to feed 
the population of New York. 

10. Ex^amine the picture of the Brooklyn water front. What 
activities do you see for the unloading, storing, and trans^ 
porting of foreign products ? 

11. What is the population of your home locality ? How many 
the size of yours would it take to equal New York ? 

12. Describe the location of Long Island Sound and tell us 
how important it is as a waterway. 

13. After studying the picture of the Brooklyn water front, 
describe how an ocean steamer is moored at its wharf. 

14. Why do so many of the immigrants who land in New 
York remain in the city? From what foreign countries do 
they come in large numbers ? 

15. Try to find out some of the hard conditions under which 
these workers live. 

16. At what other ports of the United States is sugar refined ? 
Why at these ports? (Consult page 72 for your answer.) 

17. Look over the textbooks you use in school and report 
how many are published in New York. Do the same for 
the books in your school library. Why should New York 
have so many daily newspapers? In what languages are 
they likely to be printed ? 



196 REPRESENTATIVE CITIES 

18. Why is New York a great financial center ? Ask your 
father to tell you something about the New York Clear- 
ing House, the Produce Exchange. 

19. What does the sky-line of lower New York tell you about 
the amount of business done in the city ? Refer to the 
illustrations on pages 190 and 191. 

20. What are customs duties ? Why does New York have a 
Custom 'House ? How do these duties affect the price of 
stockings sent here from Germany ? 

21. How high is your school building ? How many such build- 
ings would have to be put one on the other to equal the 
height of the latest sky-scraper in New York ? 

22. Collect some pictures of New York. Try to find some 
showing the beautiful parts of the city, the tall build- 
ings, the Sherman statue, the Public Library, the Penn- 
sylvania and Grand Central Stations, the Brooklyn 
Bridge. 

23. What city of the United States lies at the Western Gate? 
Write a composition comparing the location of that city 
with that of New York at the Eastern Gate. 

24. Would you like to live in New York .? Why ? 

25. What three things would you like most to see in New 
York? 

EXERCISES FOR WORLD REVIEW 

1. Locate the famous island cities Stockholm, Venice, Mon- 
treal, and Bombay. 

2. Select from the " Twenty-five Largest Cities of the 
World " in the " Reference Tables " those that are sea- 
ports. Arrange them in the order of their size. 

3. Learn the location of every place named in Exercise 2. 

4. Which of the "Ten Greatest Seaports" are included in 
the " Twenty-five Largest Cities of the World " ? 

5. In how many lists in the various tables in the Appendix 
does New York appear ? Why ? 



NEW YORK 197 

On an outline map of the world draw the ocean routes 
from New York to each of the " Ten Best Customers " of 
the United States. (See Appendix, page 206.) Locate on 
the map the chief port of each country. 



I. 



APPENDIX 

GENERAL REVIEW EXERCISES 

Examine a map of the United States and tell which river 
alleys are most thickly populated. Which of the "Repre- 
sentative Cities " are in these valleys ? 

2. Which of the "Twenty-five Largest Cities of the World" 
are located in rich valleys where travel is easy ? 

3. Which advantages of location account for the develop- 
ment of St. Louis, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Galveston, and 
Los Angeles ? 

4. Explain why industries grow up at a break in transporta- 
tion. Show how this influence has been at work in the 
development of Buffalo, Cleveland, Antwerp, Cologne. 

5. Read carefully Rule 6 (" Rules governing the Location 
of Cities"), then with a map before you study the loca- 
tions of London, Hamburg, Shanghai, Melbourne, and 
Buenos Ayres, and tell in what respects their develop- 
ment has been similar to that of New York and San Fran- 
cisco. Do you find a rich hinterland in each case? 

6. Why is the head of a bay generally a more favorable loca- 
tion for a city than its mouth ? Explain how Baltimore 
and Montreal illustrate this point. 

7. Read carefully Rule 4 (" Rules governing the Location 
of Cities"), then study the list of the "Representative 
Cities " and name those which have developed manufactur- 
ing chiefly because of excellent means of transportation. 

8. Which of the " Representative Cities" are found among 
the " Twenty-five Largest Cities of the United States " ? 
Of the World ? 

9. From the list of the "Twenty-five Largest Cities of the 
United States " select those on navigable rivers ; those on 
bays. 



202 APPENDIX 

T o. From the ' ' Twenty-five Largest Cities of the World " select 
those which are capitals. Which are situated in the center 
of the population of the country ? 

11. Mark with a cross those of the "Twenty-five Largest 
Cities of the United States " you have visited or passed 
through. 

12. What countries are represented more than once in the 
"Twenty-five Largest Cities of the World " .? 

13. Which of the United States' cities named in the lists of 
"Exports and Imports" export chiefly raw material? 
Which import chiefly manufactured articles ? 

14. Learn the location of the "Ten Greatest Seaports." 

15. Copy the list of America's "Ten Best Customers," and 
opposite each write the name of its chief seaport ; its 
capital. 

16. Which of the " Representative Cities " are named after 
noted men ? Which have Indian names? Which one has 
a name descriptive of its surrounding country? 

17. Arrange the list of "Representative Cities" to show 
which have similar average temperatures in January ; in 
July. Arrange them to show how they rank in amount of 
annual rainfall. 

18. Write a letter to the author of this book telling her the 
names of the cities you have most enjoyed studying. 



Outline maps for use in the Exercises are issued by the 

following firms : — 

McKinley Outline Maps, McKinley Publishing Co., Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

New Century Development Maps, Silver, Burdett & Co., 
Boston. 

Harison Outline Maps, William Beverley Harison, New York. 

Leete's Outline Maps, Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 



APPENDIX 



^03 



AVERAGE TEMPERATURES AND ANNUAL 
RAINFALL OF THE "REPRESENTATIVE 
CITIES" 





Temperature 


Annual 




January 


July 


Rainfall 


San Francisco . . . 

Portland 

Seattle 

Denver 

New Orleans. . . . 

Duluth 

Twin Cities .... 
Chicago !_ 

Gary \ 

Pittsburgh 

Savannah 

Boston 

New York 


5°° 

^:: 
10° 

^5° 
50° 

30 


65° 

65° 

70° 

over 80° 

K 
70° 

72° 

?:° 


20 inches 

50 
40 

15 
60 

30 
25-30 

35 
40 
50 
45 
45 



RULES GOVERNING THE LOCATION OF 
CITIES 

1. People are found in greatest numbers in regions of rich 
soil and easy travel ; hence the rich valleys are most 
thickly populated. 

2. Valleys and plains are natural routes for canals and rail- 
roads. 

3. To make an industry possible, men must be able to sell 
their products and deliver where desired ; hence trans- 
portation means are demanded. 

4. Where transportation facilities are best, all kinds of in- 
dustries flourish. 

5. Industries grow up where a break in transportation occurs. 

6. If a country back of a coast is desert or barren, no large 



204 APPENDIX 

city is lilcely to grow up there. If a navigable river leads 
to a back country rich in agricultural or mineral products, 
industries and commerce flourish. 
7. A commercial city must get as close as possible to its hin- 
terland ; therefore the head of a bay is generally a more 
favorable location than its mouth. 



THE TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES OF 
THE UNITED STATES, 1910 

CITIES POPULATION 

New York, N. Y. 4,766,883 

Chicago, 111. 2,185,283 

Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008 

St. Louis, Mo. 687,029 

Boston, Mass. 670,585 

Cleveland, O. 560,663 

Baltimore, Md. 558,663 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 533^9^5 

Detroit, Mich. 465,766 

Buffalo, N. Y. 423,715 

San Francisco, Cal. 416,912 

Milwaukee, Wis. 373,^57 

Cincinnati, O. 364,463 

Newark, N. J. 347,469 

New Orleans, La. 339,^75 

Washington, D. C. 331,069 

Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 

Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408 

Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 

Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 

Seattle, Wash. 237,194 

Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 

Providence, R. I. • 224,326 

Louisville, Ky. 223,928 

Rochester, N. Y. 218,149 



APPENDIX 



20$ 



THE TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES OF 
THE WORLD 



London, England. 
New York, United States. 
Paris, France. 
Chicago, United States. 
Tokio, Japan. 
Berlin, Germany. 
Vienna, Austria. 
St. Petersburg, Russia. 
Canton, China. 
Peking, China. 
Philadelphia, United States. 
Moscow, Russia. 
Buenos Ayres, Argentina. 
Constantinople, Turkey. 
Osaka, Japan. 
Shanghai, China. 
Tientsin, China. 
Calcutta, India. 
Bombay, India. 
Hamburg, Germany. 
Budapest, Hungary. 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
Glasgow, Scotland, 
Warsaw, Russia. 
Liverpool, England. 



1911 

1913 
1911 
1910 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1910 
(est.) 
(est.) 
1910 
1909 
1911 
(est.) 
1908 
(est.) 
1910 
1910 
1911 
1910 
1910 
1908 
1909 
1909 
1911 



7.252,963 
5. 173.064 
2,846,986 
2,185,283 
2,168,151 
2,064,153 
2,004,291 
1,907,708 
1,600,000 
1,600,000 
1,549,008 
1,481,200 

1,326,994 

1,125,000 

1,117.151 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 
994,944 

979»445 
936,000 
880,371 
858,000 

784,455 
781,179 
746,566 



THE TEN GREATEST SEAPORTS OF THE 



New York 

Antwerp 

London 



WORLD 

Rank in Tonnage 

1912 
1911 
1911 



13.673,765 
13.330.699 
11.973.249 



206 



Hamburg 


1911 


11,830,949 


Rotterdam 


1911 


11,052,186 


Hong Kong 


1910 


10,489,203 


Shanghai 


1911 


9.170.309 


Marseilles 


1910 


8,161,344 


Liverpool 


1911 


7,887,719 


Singapore 


1910 


7.407.143 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF PRINCIPAL 
COUNTRIES' 



Country 


Date 


Exports 


Imports 


United States 


1911 


$2,000,000,000 


$1,500,000,000 


United Kingdom 


191 1 


2,700,000,000 


3,400,000,000 


Germany 


1911 


2,000,000,000 


2,400,000,000 


Netherlands 


1910 


1,000,000,000 


1,300,000,000 


Italy 


1911 


415,000,000 


645,000,000 


Russia 


1910 


690,000,000 


480,000,000 



From Statesmati's Year-Book^ 1912. 



THE TEN BEST CUSTOMERS OF THE 
UNITED STATES, 1912 

$523,000,000 



United Kingdom 

Canada 

Germany 

France 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Cuba 

Mexico 

Japan 

Argentina 



329,000,000 

307,000,000 

135,000,000 

104,000.000 

65,000,000 

62,000,000 

53,000,000 

53,000,000 

53,000,000 



Statistics in these tables are given in round numbers. 



APPENDIX 207 

THE TEN COUNTRIES MAKING THE LARG- 
EST EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES 

(for the latest year available) 



German 


y 


$152,000,000 


United 


Kingdom 


135,000,000 


Cuba 




123,000,000 


Brazil 




115,000,000 


Mexico 




111,000,000 


Canada 




102,000,000 


Japan 




74,000,000 


France 




73,000,000 


British India 


50,000,000 


Italy 




44,000,000 



VALUE OF IMPORTS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS 
OF THE UNITED STATES, 1912 

New York $975,700,000 

Boston 129,200,000 

Philadelphia 85,000,000 

New Orleans 75,000,000 

San Francisco 59,200,000 

VALUE OF EXPORTS AT PRINCIPAL PORTS 
OF THE UNITED STATES, 1912 

New York $817,900,000 

Galveston 218,100,000 

New Orleans 149,100,000 

Savannah 104,200,000 

Baltimore 92,200,000 

Boston 69,600,000 



2o8 APPENDIX 

WOOL PRODUCTION OF THE WORLD, 1906. 

Australasia 820,000,000 pounds 

Argentina 327,000,000 

United States 318,000,000 

British Africa 125,000,000 

Uruguay 124,000,000 

SOME IMPORTANT RIVERS OF THE WORLD 



Rivers 

North America 


(Approximate len^ 


Missouri-Mississippi 
Colorado 


4,200 
2,000 


Columbia 

Ohio 

Hudson 


1,400 

975 
350 


South America 




Amazon 


3,300 


Parana-La Plata 


2,300 


Orinoco 


1.350 


Europe 




Volga 
Danube 


2,200 
1,800 


Dnieper 
Rhine 


1,200 
800 


Elbe 
Rhone 
Seine 
Thames 


725 
504 
425 
228 


Asia 

Yangtse-kiang 
Hoang-ho 


3,000 
2,600 


Ganges 


1,500 





APPENDIX 




Africa 




' 


Nile 




3,600 


Congo 




2,800 


Zambesi 




1,600 


Australia 






Darling 




1,160 


Murray 




1,100 



209 



SOME FAMOUS MOUNTAIN PEAKS 

Mount Everest 29,002 feet 

Mount McKinley 20,464 

Mount Ararat 16,925 

Mount Blanc 15,780 

The Matterhorn 14,780 

Mount Rainier 14,526 

Pike's Peak 14,108 

The Jungfrau 13,670 

Mount Etna 10,865 

Mount Washington 6,293 

Mount Vesuvius 4,260 



INDEX 



Allegheny River, 122. 
American Bridge Company, 144. 
Appalachian Mountains, 148. 
Arbor Day, 50, 51. 
Atlanta, 148. 

Bananas, 5, 61, 62, 68; trade of Boston 
in, 171. 

Belgium, 154. 

Bienville, 64, 65. 

Blast furnace, 82, 124, 130, 140-42. 

"Blessing of the Bay," 174. 

Bordeaux, 153. 

Boston, events of 1776 in, 3; age of, 77; 
transportation routes to and from, 
108; street plan of, 162-66; location 
of, 166, 167; " Hub " of New England, 
167-69; parks of, 170; commerce of, 
171, 172; as a market, 172, 173. 

Braddock, 124, 129, 130. 

"Bread-basket of the world," 94. 

Budapest, 94, 97-99. 

California, missions of, 3. 

CaHfornia Valley, i, 7, 8, 14. 

Calumet River, 139. 

Carnegie, Andrew, 122. 

Carquinez, strait of, 14. 

Charleston, 148. 

Chicago, names of, 103-05; play- 
grounds of, 104; resources of, 105-07; 
as a food market, 106, 107 ; as a trans- 
portation center, 108; industries of, 
109, no; growth of, in, 112; people, 
114; beef, 184. 

Chicago Drainage Canal, 113, 114. 

Chicago River, 107, 110-12. 

"City in the Wilderness," 44-54. 

Coal, 38, 40, 51, 53, 54; barges, 127; 
trade, 70, 83, 84, 119, 123, 126-28, 
171, 172; supply of New York, 183, 
186. 

Coffee, 33, 59, 61, 127, 171, 185, 186. 

Coke, 123, 138, 143, 145, 148. 

Columbia River, 20, 25, 27. 

Commerce, crossroads of, 20, 181. 

Cork factory, 126. 

Cotton, 33, 54, 60, 69, 119, 147, 148, 



155, 156, 170, 171; trade, 40, 59, i7i, 
185, 186; mills, 59; ports, 147; gin, 
155; clothing, 170. 
"Crescent City," 57, 66. 

Denver, location and settlement of, 44, 
45, 47, 49; growth of, 48, 51; rainfall 
of, 49, 50; industries of, 51-53; 
trade routes to and from, 53, 54; 
"Welcome Arch," of, 54. 

Docks: Gary, 141; Great Northern, 
41; New York, 187; San Francisco, 
5; Savannah, 153, 155. 

Duluth, location of, 74, 77, 78; name 
of, 74, 75; rivalry of, with Superior, 
75, 76; as a break in transportation, 
78, 79 ; trade of, 79-83 ; on ore 
route, 80; school fund of, 82; ore 
boat from, 143. 

Duluth, Daniel Greysolon, 74. 

Duquesne, 124, 130. 



Erie Canal, 179. 
"Evergreen State, 



38. 



Flour, 21, 24, 147; trade: of Seattle, 33, 
40; of New York, 186; mills: of Den- 
ver, 52; of Minneapolis, 93. 

Forest City, 147, 149, 151, 158. 

Forests, 22, 78, 126, 147, 152, 153. 

Fort Snelling, 88, 91, 98, 100. 

Fur market of St. Paul, 88. 

Galveston, 37, 147. 

Garden City, 103, 104. 

Gary, growth of, 45; story of, 134-40; 
mills of, 141, 142; ore docks of, 143; 
coke ovensof, 144, 145 ; industries, 146. 

Gate cities: Vienna, 18, 19; Chatta- 
nooga, 148; Atlanta, 148. 

"Gateway of the West," 119, 124. 

Genoa, 77. 

Georgia, pine forests of, 152, 153; cot- 
ton crops of, 155; truck farms of, 156. 

Germany, 154. 

Glasgow, 59. 

Glass-making, 125, 126. 

Gold, discovery of, 2, 40, 45, 48; in 



INDEX 



211 



California, 2, 7; in Alaska, 40, 89; in 
Rocky Mountains, 45, 48, 54; trans- 
portation of, 51. 

Golden, 48, 54. 

Golden Gate, 4, 14, I5- 

Grain elevators, 52, 79- 94, 95, no- 

Great American Desert, 46. 

Great Lakes, 25; cities of the, 78, 79. 

Gulf Stream, 158. 

Height of Land, 80,98. 

Hemp, 33, 59- 

Hibbing, 80, 82. 

Hill, James J., 114. 

Hinterland, i, 7, 14, 25, 64, 106, 148, 

179, 180. 
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 168. 
Homestead, 124, 129, 130. 
Hood, Mt., 21, 26. 
Hudson, Hendri'k, 194. 
Hudson River and Valley, 25, 180, 183, 

193, 194- 
Hull House, 114. 
Hungary, 98. 

"Inland Empire," 21, 22, 25, 33, 54. 
Iron, 80-82, 98, 119, 123, 124, 138, 141. 
Iron City, 125. 

Landes, 152, 153. 

Liverpool, 58-60. 

London, 27, 78, iii; story of, 131-36. 

Long, Major, 46. 

Lumber, 22-24, 33, 106, no. 

Lumber trade, of Seattle, 40; of New 

Orleans, 60; of Duluth, 78, 79; of 

Minneapolis, 92, 95. 
Lynn, 173. 

Mahogany, 60. 

McCormick Harvesting Company, 109. 

Meat-packing, 52, 109. 

Mesaba iron mines, 81-83. 

Michigan, Lake, 108, 114. 

Minneapolis, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94-99- 

Minnehaha Falls, 100. 

Minnesota, 82, 91; University of, 99. 

" Minnesota," steamship, 33. 

Minuit, Peter, 188. 

Mississippi steamboats, 63. 

Mississippi Valley, 90, 91, 106, 148, 179. 

Mohawk River and Valley, 180, 181. 



Molasses, 57, 119, 187. 
Monongahela River, 120, 130. 

Natural gas, 125, 126. 

Naval stores, 147, 152-54, I59. 

New Orleans, levees of, 57, 58, 61, 64, 
65; commerce of, 58-63, 178; found- 
ing of, 64, 65; location of, 65, 66; 
French quarter, 65, 67; streets of, 68; 
climate and vegetation of, 68, 69; in- 
dustries of, 69; trade routes to and 
from, 59, 70, 71; coal trade of, 127; 
rank of, in cotton export, 147. 

New York, growth and location of, 
177-82; commerce of, 180-86; food 
supply of, 183, 184; manufactures, 
185, 187; conditions of life in, 188- 
94. 

Nome, 14, 40. 

Oglethorpe, General, 147, 149, 150. 
Ohio River, 121, 123; coal trade, 127, 

128. 
Oil, 7, 126, 187. 
Olympic Mountains, 37, 38. 
Oregon, forests of, 22; exports of, 24; 

port of, 28, 29. 
Orient, products from the, 23, 33. 

Panama Canal route, 4, 70. 

Peking, in. 

Pike's Peak, 50. 

Pittsburgh, coal trade of, 70, 126-28; 
ore supply for, 82; Greater, 87, 131; 
location and settlement of, 118-22, 
128, 129; transportation facilities of , 
122, 123; products of, 80, 124-28. 

Portland (Me.), 26. 

Portland (Ore.), location of, 19-21, 26, 
27; commerce of, 22-24; settlement 
of, 26; Rose Carnival of, 27; cUmate 
of, 28; compared with Savannah, 147. 

Puget Sound, 20, 32, 34. 

Pullman Company, no. 

Quebec, cliffs of, 77. 

" Queen City of the Northwest," 32, 35, 

42, 47- 
"Queen City of the Plains," 44. 

Railroads: Atchison, Topeka, and Santa 
Fe, 6, 45; Atlantic Coast-Line, 149; 



212 



INDEX 



Baltimore and Ohio, 120, 137, 179; 
Boston and Albany, 168, 179; Boston 
and Maine, 168; Canadian Pacific, 
32; Central of Georgia, 149; Central 
of New Jersey, 179; Central Pacific, 
6; Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, 
32,45, 89, 109; Chicago and Great 
Western, 89; Chicago, Milwaukee, 
and Puget Sound, 32; Chicago, Mil- 
waukee, and St. Paul, 89; Chicago, 
and Northwestern, 75, 109; Delaware, 
Lackawanna, and Western, 179; 
Denver and Rio Grande, 45; Denver 
and Northwestern Pacific, 45, 89; 
Duluth, Mesaba, and Northern, 75; 
Erie, 179; Great Northern, 32, 75, 89, 
94, 114; Gulf to Sound, 53, 54; Illi- 
nois Central, 105, 109; Lake Shore 
and Michigan Southern, 109, 137; 
Lehigh Valley, 179; Michigan Cen- 
tral, 109, 137; New York Central, 
109, 179, 182-84; New York, New 
Haven, and Hartford, 168, 179; 
Northern Pacific, 32, 75, 89, 94; New 
York, Ontario, and Western, 179; 
Pennsylvania, 109, 120, 137, 179, 
182; Pennsylvania and Lake Erie, 
120; Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, 
and St. Louis, 120; Southern, 149; 
Southern Pacific, 6; L^nion Pacific, 
45; Wabash, 109, 120, 137; Western 
Pacific, 6. 

Rainfall, of San Francisco, 11; of Port- 
land, 27, 28; of Denver, 49, 50; of 
New Orleans, 69. 

Rome, III. 

"Rose City," 18, 19, 26, 28. 

Sacramento River, 7, 20. 

Salem, 163, 166. 

San Francisco, location of, 1,9, 13, 178; 
founding of, i, 3, 5; missions of, 3, 
161; commerce of, 4, 6, 14, 24, 53, 
60, 70, 108, 178; hills of, 9, ID, 162; 
seal of, 12, 13; street plan of, 162. 

San Francisco Bay, 3, 4, 6-8, 10, 13, 87. 

San Joaquin River, 7, 20. 

Savannah, a river town, 45; location of, 
147-50; name of, 150; parks of, 150, 
151; river improvements of, 152; 
commerce of, 152-57; industries of, 
153. i55-57.'i56, 171, 186; life in, 158. 



Seattle, location of, 32-35; removal of 
hills in, 36, 37; scenery surrounding, 
38,39; commerce of, 40-54; climate of, 
41; boom of, 89; street plan of, 162. 

Serra, Father Junipero, 3, 4. 

Shanghai, i. 

Sierras, 7, 19. 

"Smoky City," 124, 130. 

South Platte River, 44, 47. 

St. Anthony Falls, 88, 91. 

St. Paul, 87-91, 97-99. 

Steel, mills, 5, 138, 141-43; products, 
40, 80, 106, no, 124, 125. 

Suez Canal, no. 

Sugar refinery of New Orleans, 69. 

Sugar trade, of San Francisco, 5; of New 
Orleans, 57, 70, 119; of Boston, 171; 
of New York, 187. 

Superior, 75, 76, 79-81, 84, 87. 

Tamalpais, Mt., 10. 

Tennessee River, 148. 

Tonnage, 78, 84, 128. 

Totem Pole, 35, 161. 

Transportation, break in, 78, 119. 

Turpentine, 147. 152-54, 156, i57- 

" Twin Cities," a city group, 87; loca- 
tion and settlement of, 87-91 ; as a 
distributing point, 90; industries of, 
90-97; compared with Budapest, 
97-99 ; parks of, 99, 100. 

United Fruit Companj% 62. 

United Kingdom, 154. 

United States Assay Office, 40. 

United States mail, 63. 

United States Steel Corporation, 138. 

Vienna, 18, 19. 

Washington, George, 120. 

Webster, Daniel, 46. 

Westinghouse Companies, 125. 

Wheat, 5, 21, 22-24, 33, 79, 92. 

Wheat trade, 106, 179. 

Whitney, Eli, 155. 

Willamette River and V^alley, 18, 20, 

22, 26, 27, 29. 
Winthrop, John, 163, 174. 
Wool, 27; trade of Boston, 171, 173. 
Woolworth Building, 190. 

"Zenith City," 74, 77, 84. 



SEP 15 1913 



91:!:": 



